“…Lower in vitro toxicity was observed while stimulating both Th1 and Th2 in vivo antibody responses, which indicated that Co3O4 nanoparticles maybe used as a vaccine adjuvant [76]. This finding is important for biogenic Co3O4 nanoparticles because they are naturally capped with protein during the biogenic synthesis process.…”
This review discusses recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles obtained mainly through biogenic (green) processes. The in vitro and in vivo toxicities of these oxides are discussed including a consideration of the factors important for safe use of these nanomaterials. The toxicities of different metal oxide nanoparticles are compared. The importance of biogenic synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles has been increasing in recent years; however, more studies aimed at better characterizing the potent toxicity of these nanoparticles are still necessary for nanosafely considerations and environmental perspectives. In this context, this review aims to inspire new research in the design of green approaches to obtain metal oxide nanoparticles for biomedical and technological applications and to highlight the critical need to fully investigate the nanotoxicity of these particles.
OPEN ACCESSMetals 2015, 5 935
“…Lower in vitro toxicity was observed while stimulating both Th1 and Th2 in vivo antibody responses, which indicated that Co3O4 nanoparticles maybe used as a vaccine adjuvant [76]. This finding is important for biogenic Co3O4 nanoparticles because they are naturally capped with protein during the biogenic synthesis process.…”
This review discusses recent advances in the synthesis, characterization and toxicity of metal oxide nanoparticles obtained mainly through biogenic (green) processes. The in vitro and in vivo toxicities of these oxides are discussed including a consideration of the factors important for safe use of these nanomaterials. The toxicities of different metal oxide nanoparticles are compared. The importance of biogenic synthesized metal oxide nanoparticles has been increasing in recent years; however, more studies aimed at better characterizing the potent toxicity of these nanoparticles are still necessary for nanosafely considerations and environmental perspectives. In this context, this review aims to inspire new research in the design of green approaches to obtain metal oxide nanoparticles for biomedical and technological applications and to highlight the critical need to fully investigate the nanotoxicity of these particles.
OPEN ACCESSMetals 2015, 5 935
“…The reduction in IgE production with CNPs indicates that there is less risk of allergic responses to the antigen when this is used as an adjuvant. Reduced lymphatic inflammation was also noted with CNPs [151]. However, lung exposure to CNPs has also been shown to induce Th1 and Th17 hypersensitivity in Wistar rats [152]…”
Section: Inorganic Adjuvant Systemsmentioning
confidence: 89%
“… IFN ‐γ levels in the intraperitoneal lavage fluid of mice 7 days after administration of antigen. The experimental conditions used were PBS : phosphate buffered saline alone; NP‐OVA : OVA and Co 3 O 4 NPs ; I ‐Alum‐ OVA : OVA and Imject alum; NP alone : Co 3 O 4 NPs alone. Reproduced with permission from Cho et al [151]. Copyright F uture S cience G roup 2012.…”
Section: Inorganic Adjuvant Systemsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cobalt oxide (Co3O4) nanoparticles have also attracted attention as possible adjuvants. [151] In a study with C57BL/6 mice, Cho and colleagues vaccinated with OVA and Co3O4 nanoparticles (CNPs), using Imject alum as a comparator adjuvant. They found that the CNPs stimulated a more balanced Th1 to Th2 ratio than ZnO or Imject alum.…”
Objectives To review the state of the art and assess future potential in the use of inorganic particulates as vaccine adjuvants. Key findings An adjuvant is an entity added to a vaccine formulation to ensure that robust immunity to the antigen is inculcated. The inclusion of an adjuvant is typically vital for the efficacy of vaccines using inactivated organisms, subunit and DNA antigens. With increasing research efforts being focused on subunit and DNA antigens because of their improved safety profiles, the development of appropriate adjuvants is becoming ever more crucial. Despite this, very few adjuvants are licensed for use in humans (four by the FDA, five by the European Medicines Agency). The most widely used adjuvant, alum, has been used for nearly 90 years, yet its mechanism of action remains poorly understood. In addition, while alum produces a powerful antibody Th2 response, it does not provoke the cellular immune response required for the elimination of intracellular infections or cancers. New adjuvants are therefore needed, and inorganic systems have attracted much attention in this regard. Summary In this review, the inorganic adjuvants currently in use are considered, and the efforts made to date to understand their mechanisms of action are summarised. We then move on to survey the literature on inorganic particulate adjuvants, focusing on the most interesting recent developments in this area and their future potential.
“…Intraperitoneal injection of TiO 2 NPs at a concentration dose of 0,324,648,972,1296,1944 or 2592 mg/kg body weight of mice was given to assess the acute toxicity and the treatment mice were observed for passive behaviour, loss of appetite, tremor and lethargy ). The toxicity of MNPs like Fe 2 O 3 NPs (Mahmoudi et al 2009;Naqvi et al 2010;Soenen et al 2012b) and cobalt oxide NPs (Cho et al 2012) have been reported to be based on their size, shape and concentration.…”
Section: Toxicity Issues Related To the Use Of Nanomaterialsmentioning
The metallic nanoparticles (NPs) and their synthetic biology are an active area fascinating both the academics as well as scientific research applications in the field of nanotechnology. These nanostructures are a versatile class of materials such as metal NPs, metal oxide NPs, magnetic NPs and quantum dots for biomedical sciences and engineering due to their huge potential. A handful number of methods are adopted for the synthesis of one or the other kind of metal NPs which includes physical and chemical approaches. Each of the chemical and physical synthesis procedures deals with some limitations such as cost ineffectiveness, use of hazardous chemicals, formation of toxic end products and involvement of high-energy processes. To overcome these drawbacks, an alternative approach of environmentally benign and inexpensive biological synthesis mediated by plants or microbes has been essentially adopted. The variations in size, shape and surface chemistry of NPs affect the properties of metal NPs to a greater extent which in turn have an influence on their biological behaviour. Few metal NPs offer unique optical properties while others possess paramagnetic behaviour and quantum size effect which make them suitable in bio-imaging diagnostic techniques. Some metallic NPs play a role in tissue engineering and other therapeutic applications due to their ease of surface modifications, large surface area to volume ratio, unique electrical and anti-microbial activities. Instead of multi-disciplinary applications of metallic NPs, there is a great concern regarding the toxicity issues associated with the use of these NPs which need to be sorted out by looking out certain ways for favourable architecture involving the synthesis methods and parameters for designing the non-toxic NPs for improving the quality of life.
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