Adjuvant Effects of Tilorone Hydrochloride (Analog 11,567) with Inactivated Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus Vaccine

Abstract

Tilorone analog 11,567 (BDD) was demonstrated to immunopotentiate Formalin-inactivated Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis (VEE) TC-83 vaccine in mice and monkeys. The dosage of BDD required for adjuvant effects was different in mice and monkeys. In monkeys, primary and secondary antibody responses were increased (4-and 12-fold greater titers, respectively) when 10 mg/kg of BDD was given with VEE vaccine; however, 100 mg/kg of BDD had no adjuvant effect. Mice given 62 or 250 mg/kg of BDD with undiluted vaccine developed 3-and 4-fold greater antibody titers, respectively, than vaccine controls. The immunopotentiation effect of BDD was most dramatically demonstrated when graded doses (7 to 500 mg/kg) were given with a marginally antigenic dose of VEE vaccine (diluted 1:4). The BDD-vaccine combination induced antibody production, while vaccine administered without adjuvant did not. Antibody titers were significantly higher when 125 (P

Tilorone: a Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and beyond

“…Tilorone has a track record of safe use in children and adults for~20 years as both a prophylaxis and treatment for viral diseases. The drug has been produced and manufactured at the kiloton (1000 kg) scale and can be produced at a very low cost per dose based on the current list price (11).In vivo efficacy studies from the literature support possible uses of tilorone against a broad array of infections including influenza A, influenza B, herpes simplex virus 1, West Nile virus, Mengo virus, Semliki Forest virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) and more recently against human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV (18) (Table I).…”

Tilorone: A Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Invented in the USA and Commercialized in Russia and Beyond

“…In vivo efficacy studies from the literature support possible uses of tilorone against a broad array of infections including influenza A, influenza B, herpes simplex virus 1, West Nile virus, Mengo virus, Semliki Forest virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, encephalomyocarditis virus (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17) and more recently against human coronaviruses including MERS-CoV (18) (Table 1). Human clinical studies outside the US evaluated tilorone as a treatment for Acute Respiratory Viral Infections (ARVIs), where it demonstrated significantly improved patient outcomes (19)(20)(21)(22).…”