Adjustment in energy intake following the covert removal of sugar from the diet

Naismith, D. J.; Rhodes, C. C.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-277x.1995.tb00309.x

Cited by 38 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Careful experimental studies are required to examine the effects of varying the sugars (and starch) content of the diet on ED and also on energy intake. One such study whose results support the present ®ndings has shown that the covert removal of sugar from the diet actually raised the energy density 13 because sugars tended to be replaced by fat and protein. The restoration of sugar to the diet had the opposite effect.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…Some mis-reporting is inevitable in any dietary survey, but adjusting for energy in the present analysis should have minimized distortions; there is little evidence to suggest underreporting is macronutrient-speci®c. The methodology of the survey itself is detailed elsewhere, 13 but brie¯y, food intakes were assessed from 4-day weighed dietary diaries (n 1675) completed by the child's main carer. Energy and nutrient intakes, including NME sugars, were calculated by the original investigators using the Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food database of 6000 foods, which included home-made recipes, infant foods and branded items.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Associations between energy density and macronutrient composition in the diets of pre-school children: sugars vs starch

Gibson¹

2000

Int J Obes

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OBJECTIVE: To investigate the associations between energy density (ED) and macronutrient composition in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey of Children aged 1 1 2 ± 4 1 2 y, hypothesizing that high-ED diets tend to be high in sugars as well as fat. DESIGN: Further analysis of data from a cross-sectional dietary survey of 1675 children with complete 4-day weighed dietary records. Differences in diet composition and food choice between children with diets of high, medium and low ED (de®ned as kJag of all food and drink) were identi®ed. The possibility of confounding by water, or by soft drinks, was also explored in age-adjusted correlations. RESULTS: High-ED diets ( b 3.7 kJag of total diet) were proportionately richer in fat and lower in carbohydrate, compared with diets of low ED (`2.9 kJag). In contrast to the hypothesis, high-ED diets were found to be proportionately lower in sugars, and higher in starch. Children with high-ED diets consumed more of a whole range of foods: meat, eggs, potatoes, cereal products, confectionery, sugarapreserves and savoury snacks, but consumed less soft drinks, water and fruit. CONCLUSION: The inverse relationship observed between sugars and energy density may be partly attributable to the reciprocal relationship between sugars and fat, expressed as a proportion of energy. It may also re¯ect developing preferences in young childhood for a more adult-type, energy-dense, diet. Further work is required to verify EDamacronutrient relationships in other age groups, as the results have potential implications for obesity prevention and for food product development.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Associations between energy density and macronutrient composition in the diets of pre-school children: sugars vs starch

Gibson¹

2000

Int J Obes

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“…For example, it may be difficult to prevent sweetener use over a long period of time in a participant who has been randomized to a no sweetener group. Out of dozens of works dealing with intense sweeteners' role in human nutrition, the meta-analysis addressed 15 RCTs with 24-h intake data (Porikos et al, 1977(Porikos et al, , 1982Foltin et al, 1988Foltin et al, , 1990Evans, 1989Evans, , 1992Mattes, 1990a;Tordoff and Alleva, 1990b;Naismith and Rhodes, 1995;Blackburn et al, 1997;Gatenby et al, 1997;Lavin et al, 1997;Reid and Hammersley, 1998;Raben et al, 2002;Van Wymelbeke et al, 2004) and nine RCTs with body weight data (Porikos et al, 1977(Porikos et al, , 1982Tordoff and Alleva, 1990b;Kanders et al, 1990;Naismith and Rhodes, 1995;Blackburn et al, 1997;Gatenby et al, 1997;Reid and Hammersley, 1998;Raben et al, 2002). These RCTs showed considerable variations in their design, study population, duration and type of control.…”

Section: The Use Of Intense Sweeteners In the Free-living Populationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

2007

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Replacing sugar with low-calorie sweeteners is a common strategy for facilitating weight control. By providing sweet taste without calories, intense sweeteners help lower energy density of beverages and some foods. Reduced dietary energy density should result in lower energy intakes -but are the energy reduction goals, in fact, achieved? The uncoupling of sweetness and energy, afforded by intense sweeteners, has been the focus of numerous studies over the past two decades. There are recurring arguments that intense sweeteners increase appetite for sweet foods, promote overeating, and may even lead to weight gain. Does reducing energy density of sweet beverages and foods have a measurable impact on appetite and energy intakes, as examined both in short-term studies and over a longer period? Can reductions in dietary energy density achieved with intense sweeteners really affect body weight control? This paper reviews evidence from laboratory, clinical and epidemiological studies in the context of current research on energy density, satiety and the control of food intake.

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“…Thus, maintenance of sugar intake should help to depress fat intake. Conversely, a reduction in sugar intake may bring about a concomitant passive increase in fat intake (Naismith & Rhodes, 1995). Second, sugar may improve the palatability of low-fat diets enabling better long-term compliance.…”

Section: Reducing Consumption Of Sugar-containing Foodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of dietary carbohydrate and frequent eating in body-weight control

Kirk

2000

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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Despite widespread interest in body-weight control, the prevalence of obesity continues to rise worldwide. Current public health advice for obesity prevention is clearly failing. The present paper examines the appropriateness of current public health advice for body-weight control, i.e. to reduce consumption of fatty foods, to reduce consumption of sugar and to avoid snacking between meals. An increase in carbohydrate : fat ratio should improve body-weight control, as high-carbohydrate low-fat diets are less likely to lead to overeating, and if overeating does occur, less of the excess energy is likely to be stored as fat. However, it is suggested that for the long-term prevention of weight gain, advice to increase consumption of carbohydrate-rich foods may be more effective than advice which focuses on reducing consumption of fatty food. Moreover, in view of the inverse relationship between fat and sugar intakes, sugar may have a positive role to play in body-weight control in facilitating an increase in carbohydrate : fat ratio. Snacking for most individuals appears not to adversely affect body-weight control, and for some it may improve control. This situation may exist because frequent eating helps appetite control, thus preventing overeating at meals, and as snacks overall tend to be higher in carbohydrate and lower in fat than meals, frequent eating may be a strategy for increasing carbohydrate : fat ratio. It is also suggested that eating ‘little and often’ may be a more compatible pattern of eating for a physically-active lifestyle than eating large meals. Perhaps the most appropriate advice on food intake that would work synergistically with concurrent advice to increase physical activity is to eat more carbohydrate, and to eat frequently.

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Adjustment in energy intake following the covert removal of sugar from the diet

Cited by 38 publications

References 9 publications

Associations between energy density and macronutrient composition in the diets of pre-school children: sugars vs starch

Associations between energy density and macronutrient composition in the diets of pre-school children: sugars vs starch

Intense sweeteners, energy intake and the control of body weight

Role of dietary carbohydrate and frequent eating in body-weight control

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