A deep insight into surface structural evolution of the
catalyst
is a challenging issue to reveal the structure–activity relationship.
In this contribution, based on a surface alloying strategy, the dual-functional
Pd@NiPd catalyst with a unique core–shell hierarchical structure
is developed through selective crystal growth, surface cocrystallization,
directional self-assembly, and reduction process. The surface defects
are created in situ on the outer NiPd alloy layer in the electrochemical
redox processes, which endow the Pd@NiPd catalyst with excellent electrocatalytic
activity of hydrogen generation reaction (HER) and oxygen generation
reaction (OER) in alkaline media. The optimal Pd@NiPd-2 catalyst requires
an overpotential of only 18 mV that is far lower than Pt/C benchmark
(43 mV) at the current density of 10 mA cm–2 for
the HER, and 210 mV that is far lower than RuO2 benchmark
(430 mV) at 50 mA cm–2 for the OER. Density functional
theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the outstanding electrocatalytic
activity is originated from the creation of surface defect structure
that induces a significant reduction in the adsorption and dissociation
energy barriers of H2O molecules in the HER and a decrease
in the conversion energy from O* to OOH* that resulted from the synergy
of two adjacent Pd sites by forming O-bridge. This work affords a
typical paradigm for exploiting efficient catalysts and investigating
the dependence of electrocatalytic activity on the surface structural
evolution.