Adjusting for sampling density in grid box land and ocean surface temperature time series

Jones, Phil; Osborn, Timothy; Briffa, Keith R.; Folland, Chris K.; Horton, E. B.; Alexander, Lisa V.; Parker, D. E.; Rayner, Nick

doi:10.1029/2000jd900564

Cited by 267 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 21 publications

(9 reference statements)

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“…(The World War I period has not been included.) Figure 6 shows the difference between those positive and negative phase years, based on the instrumental observations both on the land and over the ocean (Parker et al 1995;Jones et al 2001). The difference map is quite similar to the EOFs derived from the heavily spatialinterpolated GISST.…”

Section: Gisst (1901-97)mentioning

confidence: 63%

“…We will use the GISST (1900GISST ( -1997 to infer the modal structure in earlier decades that are not well covered by COADS. We will further employ historical surface temperature dataset based on only instrumental observations (Parker et al 1995;Jones et al 2001) to validate the results from GISST. In regions like the South Atlantic where there are few ship observations, COADS suffers severe sampling errors; SLP and wind velocity may not even satisfy the geostrophic balance.…”

Section: Data and Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Inter-hemispheric Decadal Variations in SST, Surface Wind, Heat Flux and Cloud Cover over the Atlantic Ocean.

Tanimoto

Xie

2002

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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Atlantic decadal climate variations are studied using marine meteorological observations. To remove artificial interhemispheric correlation, we perform empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) variability separately for the North and South Atlantic. The first EOF for the North (South) Atlantic in the decadal (8-16 years) band features a meridional tripole (dipole). In the tropics, the northern and southern leading EOFs form a meridional dipole with a center of action at 15 on either side of the equator. The leading sea level pressure (SLP) EOFs for the North and South Atlantic each feature a center of action that is displaced poleward of the tropical SST extreme, at 30 latitude. The SLP center of action in the North Atlantic has a barotropic structure and contributes significantly to surface wind variability in the tropics. Despite being derived from statistically independent data samples, the principle components for the leading SST and SLP EOFs (four in total) are significantly correlated with one another, indicative of the existence of an interhemispheric mode spanning the entire Atlantic Ocean. The same analysis for a longer SST record suggests that this pan-Atlantic decadal variability exists throughout the 20th century.In the North Atlantic, composite analysis of wind velocity and heat fluxes based on the PCs of the leading SST modes indicates that wind-induced latent heat flux is the major forcing for decadal SST variability. In the South Atlantic, by contrast, wind anomalies are neither organized in space nor in geostrophic balance with SLP, a problem likely due to poor sampling there as indicated by a comparison with well-sampled satellite measurements.Spatially coherent anomalies of low-level cloud cover are found to be associated with the tropical Atlantic dipole, with increased (decreased) cloudiness over the cold (warm) lobe. These low-level cloud anomalies do not appear to be associated with significant surface wind convergence, unlike the deep convective clouds near the equator. By shielding solar radiation, these low-level cloud anomalies act to reinforce the underlying SST anomalies, reducing the Newtonian cooling rate for SST by as much as 30%.

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Section: Gisst (1901-97)mentioning

confidence: 63%

Section: Data and Analysis Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-hemispheric Decadal Variations in SST, Surface Wind, Heat Flux and Cloud Cover over the Atlantic Ocean.

Tanimoto

Xie

2002

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…In the period of overlap, 1865-2002, we note that the features seen in the Armagh series are closely paralleled by features in the Northern Hemisphere mean temperature (Jones et al, 2001). The mid-19th century warm period, which is also seen in the central England series, has received relatively little attention.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 83%

Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002

Butler

Suarez

Coughlin

et al. 2005

Intl Journal of Climatology

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Three independent mean temperature series for Armagh Observatory, covering the period 1796-2002 have been calibrated and corrected for the time of reading and exposure. Agreement between the three series is good in regions of overlap. With a short gap in the Armagh data from 1825 to 1833 filled by data from two stations in Dublin, the resulting series is the longest for the island of Ireland and one of the longest for any single site in the British Isles.Over the past 207 years, we note that temperatures in Armagh, in all seasons, show a gradual overall trend upwards. However, there are seasonal differences: summer and spring temperatures have increased by only half as much as those in autumn and winter. This is partly due to the exceptionally cold winters and autumns experienced prior to 1820. Relative to the overall trend, warm periods occurred in Ireland, as in other parts of Europe, in the mid-19th century, in the mid-20th century and at the end of the 20th century. Relatively cool temperatures prevailed in the early 19th century, in the 1880s and in the 1970s. Thus, if the baseline against which current temperatures are compared were moved from the late 19th century to include the earlier warm period, the apparent warming at the end of the late 20th century would be correspondingly reduced.A gradual decline in the daily temperature range at Armagh since 1844 may have resulted from higher minimum temperatures associated with increased cloudiness.A 7.8 year periodicity is identified in winter and spring mean temperatures at Armagh, which is probably a consequence of the North Atlantic oscillation.

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“…The 1920-1930s were one of the main periods of sustained rise in global air and sea surface temperatures in the 20th century (Jones et al, 2001). The 1920-1930 inflexion was followed in the 1940s by a high rate of global sea-level rise coinciding with a period of enhanced glacier melt (e.g.…”

Section: Discussion Of the Characteristics Of Accelerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evidence for the accelerations of sea level on multi‐decade and century timescales

Woodworth

White

Jevrejeva

et al. 2008

Intl Journal of Climatology

212

180

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ABSTRACT:A modification in the rate of change of sea level (i.e. an 'acceleration' or 'nonlinear trend') is an important climate-related signal, which requires confirmation and explanation. In this study, the evidence for accelerations in regional and global average sea level on timescales of several decades and longer is reviewed by inter-comparison of the recent findings of different researchers and by inspection of original tide gauge records. Most sea-level data originate from Europe and North America, and both the sets display evidence for a positive acceleration, or 'inflexion', around 1920-1930 and a negative one around 1960. These inflexions are the main contributors to reported accelerations since the late 19th century, and to decelerations during the mid-to late 20th century. However, these characteristic features are not always found in records from other parts of the world. Although some aspects of the sea-level time series are consistent with changes in rates of globally averaged temperature changes, volcanic eruptions and natural climate variability, modelling undertaken so far has been unable to describe these features adequately. This emphasizes the need for a major enhancement of the sea-level data set, especially for those parts of the world without long tide gauge records, in order to obtain greater insight into the spatial dependence of accelerations. A number of complementary methods must be employed, of which salt marsh techniques offer the possibility of obtaining time series similar to those that would have been obtained from coastal tide gauges.

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Adjusting for sampling density in grid box land and ocean surface temperature time series

Cited by 267 publications

References 21 publications

Inter-hemispheric Decadal Variations in SST, Surface Wind, Heat Flux and Cloud Cover over the Atlantic Ocean.

Inter-hemispheric Decadal Variations in SST, Surface Wind, Heat Flux and Cloud Cover over the Atlantic Ocean.

Air temperatures at Armagh Observatory, Northern Ireland, from 1796 to 2002

Evidence for the accelerations of sea level on multi‐decade and century timescales

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