Adjusted recommended values of the fundamental physical constants

Single-electron current sources: Toward a refined definition of the ampere

“…Coulomb-blockade correlations among different charge states survive in this regime which should be, in particular, relevant for the ''dynamic'' quantum dots formed and destroyed by rapidly changing gate voltages; see Blumenthal et al (2007) and Fricke et al (2013) and references therein. The process of electron transfer through the rapidly created or destroyed barriers can lead to a stochastic uncertainty in created charge state of the quantum dot, which is described with a ''decay-cascade'' model (Kashcheyevs and Kaestner, 2010). Because of the uncertainty in microscopic dynamics underlying the electron transfer in quantum dots discussed above, the precise limits which the varying barriers impose on the accuracy of electron manipulation in dynamic quantum dots are still not fully understood Blumenthal et al, 2007;Fujiwara, Nishiguchi, and Ono, 2008;Kashcheyevs and Timoshenko, 2012;Lin and Zhang, 2012).…”

“…Most of the uncertainty, 0.8 ppm, arose from the calibration of the 1 G resistor. Thus it is possible that the electron pumping was actually even more accurate, as suggested by fitting the results to a so-called decay-cascade model (Kashcheyevs and Kaestner, 2010). However, there can be processes that are neglected by the model and since there is no experimental evidence on lower than 1.2 ppm uncertainty, it remains the lowest demonstrated upper bound for relative pumping errors for quantum-dot single-electron pumps.…”

“…2012) 2 . Karshenboim (2009) provides a useful overview. We review here the most accurate (< 10 −7 ) routes to information on the electric quantum standards.…”