Adjusted Effects of Domestic Violence, Tobacco use, and Indoor Air Pollution from Use of Solid Fuel on Child Mortality

Abstract

Studies that have separately examined the consequences of gender based violence upon women, use of solid fuel for cooking, and mother and father's use of tobacco on child health have concluded that they serve as risk factors for maternal and child health. Some authors have implied that these studies may have run the risk of overestimating the burden of disease of one factor over another. In this paper, we included all four factors in the same model to estimate their adjusted effects on child mortality, controlling for the demographic factors. The data come from 2005 to 2006 National Family Health Survey of India that interviewed a nationally representative sample of 39,257 couples. Of the four factors, mothers' use of tobacco presented the highest risk for child mortality (OR = 1.42; CI = 1.27-1.60) followed by fathers' use of tobacco (OR = 1.23; CI = 1.12-1.36), households' use of solid fuel for cooking (OR = 1.23; CI = 1.06-1.43), and physical abuse upon mothers (OR = 1.20; CI = 1.10-1.32). Among the households that used solid fuel for cooking, improved cookstoves users experienced 28 % lower odds of child mortality (OR = 0.72; CI = 0.61-0.86) compared to nonusers of improved cookstoves. Additionally, increase in age of mothers at birth of first child, parents' education, and household wealth served as protective factors for child mortality. To prevent child death, programs should focus on reducing couple's use of tobacco, protecting women from physical abuse, and helping households switch from solid to liquid fuel. Moreover, a significant reduction in child death could be attained by improving girls' education, and delaying their age at marriage and first birth.

Household air pollution from use of cooking fuel and under-five mortality: The role of breastfeeding status and kitchen location in Pakistan

“…In addition, this study also did not measure actual levels and patterns of exposure to emission from cooking smoke due to the lack of such objective measures in DHS data. Other important covariates, for example, “cooking under chimney” and “presence of windows in cooking area”, have been noted in previous studies [27, 28]; however, this information was not measured in the PDHS 2013 dataset.…”

Housing materials as predictors of under-five mortality in Nigeria: evidence from 2013 demographic and health survey

“…Indeed, the use of solid fuels in homes have been reported to be the leading single environmental cause of ill health [61–63]. Previous studies have indicated that children living in homes using solid fuels for cooking are at a greater risk of dying from acute respiratory illnesses [64–66]. According to the WHO [25], about half of all deaths among under-five children in the year 2014 was caused by acute lower respiratory infections triggered by the use of solid fuels.…”

Gender-Based Violence: A Crucial Challenge for Public Health

“…14,19 The violence is commonly experienced by women at various phases of the life cycle from prenatal period, infancy, childhood, adolescence, reproductive age to old age in different forms. 4,12,[20][21][22] In addition, the raped women are rejected by their families and their communities, among them those who had a child from rape, widowhood, husband abandonment and gang rape have more risk of rejection. 23 Besides, rape results not only in physical and psychological trauma, but can destroy family and community structures.…”