Abstract:Vertebro–venous fistula (VVF) refers to an abnormal arteriovenous shunt connecting the extracranial vertebral artery and the paraspinal venous structures. Coil embolization is the mainstay treatment of choice for VVF, and accurate definition of the endovascular target is mandatory. Traditionally, catheter-based angiograms are used for treatment planning, but those images lack bony information to delineate the precise relationship of the drainage veins to the spinal structure. Herein, we presented two VVF cases… Show more
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