Abstract:In 2013, an international Court of Arbitration delivered a two-part decision on the legality of the Kishenganga Hydro-Electric Plant, located in the internationally disputed territory of Kashmir. The court was convened under procedures detailed in the Indus Waters Treaty of 1960, a landmark international water treaty between Pakistan and India mediated by the World Bank in the 1950s. The Kishenganga case is part of the ongoing hydropolitical competition between Pakistan and India over the use of Indus waters a… Show more
“…Geopolitical infrastructures are networks that are planned, built or retrofitted to promote specific interests that ultimately go beyond state borders and territories (Akhter, 2019; Bridge et al., 2018; Firat, 2016, 2018; Rossiter, 2016). The Panama Canal (Carse, 2014), Channel Tunnel (Darian‐Smith, 1999), Øresund Bridge (Berg et al., 2000), Gulf of Aden (Dua, 2019) and China's Belt‐Road Initiative and its attendant infrastructures of spatial hegemony (Lin & Ai, 2020; Murton & Lord, 2020; Yeh, 2013) are all prominent examples of (human‐made or naturally formed) geopolitical infrastructures.…”
Section: Common Threads: Geopolitics As An Ethnographic Objectmentioning
Over the last 3 decades, while ethnography has arguably become a popular and legitimate method to study geopolitics among geographers, anthropologists have increasingly turned towards geopolitics as a popular subject to investigate former and emergent empires as everyday phenomena. Yet, their efforts remain rather disjointed. Written by an anthropologist, this review essay aims to put these rather disjointed efforts into a programmatic conversation and think about how one might (re)calibrate geopolitics as an ethnographic object and agenda. To that end, the essay first takes stock of the existing ethnographic knowledge of geopolitics through a review of selected works by geographers and anthropologists. Then, to help students and scholars of geopolitics from within these cognate disciplines move this engagement forward, the essay concludes by proposing the ‘cultures of geopolitical expertise’ as a productive avenue to recalibrate geopolitics as an ethnographic object and agenda.
“…Geopolitical infrastructures are networks that are planned, built or retrofitted to promote specific interests that ultimately go beyond state borders and territories (Akhter, 2019; Bridge et al., 2018; Firat, 2016, 2018; Rossiter, 2016). The Panama Canal (Carse, 2014), Channel Tunnel (Darian‐Smith, 1999), Øresund Bridge (Berg et al., 2000), Gulf of Aden (Dua, 2019) and China's Belt‐Road Initiative and its attendant infrastructures of spatial hegemony (Lin & Ai, 2020; Murton & Lord, 2020; Yeh, 2013) are all prominent examples of (human‐made or naturally formed) geopolitical infrastructures.…”
Section: Common Threads: Geopolitics As An Ethnographic Objectmentioning
Over the last 3 decades, while ethnography has arguably become a popular and legitimate method to study geopolitics among geographers, anthropologists have increasingly turned towards geopolitics as a popular subject to investigate former and emergent empires as everyday phenomena. Yet, their efforts remain rather disjointed. Written by an anthropologist, this review essay aims to put these rather disjointed efforts into a programmatic conversation and think about how one might (re)calibrate geopolitics as an ethnographic object and agenda. To that end, the essay first takes stock of the existing ethnographic knowledge of geopolitics through a review of selected works by geographers and anthropologists. Then, to help students and scholars of geopolitics from within these cognate disciplines move this engagement forward, the essay concludes by proposing the ‘cultures of geopolitical expertise’ as a productive avenue to recalibrate geopolitics as an ethnographic object and agenda.
“…A couple of big floods in 2010 and 2014 and a massive drought during 1997-2001 have also provided reasons to the dam advocates to push more aggressively for investments in the water sector. These floods and droughts coupled with the questions of electricity generation have brought the dam debate back to the forefront of the national politics, with significant geopolitical implications [54,55]. The state recently declared a water emergency by signing into law the country's first ever water charter and water policy; the language of both documents reveals the same insistence on technical and managerial approaches.…”
Water flows through and informs the socio-spatial geography of the Indus waterscape in Pakistan in myriad ways. This paper argues that state-led water development has historically attempted to bypass political conflict by invoking techno-scientific authority to render water development as a purely techno-managerial pursuit. By invoking the scientifically objective, depoliticized knowledge of water resources, the state shifts the politics of water to the domain of politics of knowledge to disarm communities with cultural and political claims to water. These attempts to “depoliticize” are always accompanied by attempts to repoliticize water—both from within the state apparatus and from society more generally. The paper stages an engagement between the historical geography of the Indus and the field of critical water geography to develop an understanding of politicization as inter-scalar and relatively insensitive to changes in the ruling political regime. We present a novel periodization of the hydrosocial relations in the Indus Basin that highlight periods of relative continuity and coherence in terms of the political regime in the water sector. Despite the significance of these shifts for political history, we argue that the historical geography of water reveals a techno-managerial knowledge/value structure with a deep and structural continuity. Using a scale-sensitive understanding of politicization to analyze the historical and contemporary geography of the Indus allows us to go behind shifts in political regime to identify the deeper structures at play. These are the epistemological and ideological structures that produce a dynamic of attempted depoliticization and repoliticization in the Indus Basin.
“…Donaldson (2009) provides an excellent and seminal overview of the themes present in the national river-border literature, including transboundary water law, the implications of international water resources on conflict, and numerous empirical case studies (Donaldson, 2009). Subsequent work has assessed effects of river-borders on the size and shape of nations (Tam, 2004;Green, 2012), the role of natural borders in affecting nation-states' development outcomes (Van Geenhuizen & Rietveld, 2002;Alesina et al, 2011;Sievers & Urbatsch, 2018), and the continued impacts of climate change and resource scarcity on tensions along river-borders (Mancini, 2013;Dinar, 2014;Akhter, 2019).…”
Rivers are commonly used to define political borders, but no global study has quantified the importance of rivers on territorial delimitation at subnational scales. This paper presents Global Subnational River-Borders (GSRB), a first comprehensive geospatial dataset of subnational, as well as national, political borders set by large rivers. GSRB incorporates three previous vector datasets (GAUL, GRWL + +, and WDBII) to map and quantify the use of large rivers as political borders at local, state, and national scales. GSRB conservatively finds that at least 58,588 km (23%) of the world's interior (non-coastal) national borders, 199,922 km (17%) of the world's interior state/province borders, and 459,459 km (12%) of the world's interior local-level political borders are set by large rivers. GSRB finds 222, 2,350, and 14,808 dyads sharing river-borders at these three administrative scales, respectively. While previous studies have emphasized transboundary rivers separating nations, GSRB highlights the abundance of river-borders at subnational scales, where numerous domestic stakeholders share jurisdiction in water resource management. These participants, identified with GSRB, ought not to be ignored when crafting water policy and instituting whole-basin management regimes. GSRB should prove useful for global, geospatial analyses of riparian stakeholders across administrative scales. The GSRB dataset (DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3906566) can be found via the following link https://zenodo.org/record/3906567#.XvN-GGhKjIU.
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