Adipose Tissue Quantification by Imaging Methods: A Proposed Classification

Shen, Wei; Wang, ZiMian; Punyanita, Mark; Lei, Jianbo; Sinav, Ahmet; Kral, John G.; Imielinska, Celina; Ross, Robert; Heymsfield, Steven B.

doi:10.1038/oby.2003.3

Cited by 400 publications

(373 citation statements)

References 114 publications

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“…Recent work has established that there are sub-compartments of adipose tissue within both the subcutaneous compartment, including deep and superficial adipose tissue, 36,37 as well as the visceral adipose tissue compartment, including pericardial adipose tissue, mediastinal adipose tissue and others 38 that may play particularly important roles in the development of disease. 39 Computerassisted manual editing programs such as slice-O-matict allow particular adipose tissue sub-compartments to be visually identified and tagged and therefore hold a key advantage for flexible body composition assessment. Software for visceral adipose tissue estimation EW Demerath et al…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

et al. 2006

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Introduction: Given the considerable time and research cost of analyzing biomedical images to quantify adipose tissue volumes, automated image analysis methods are highly desirable. Hippo Fatt is a new software program designed to automatically quantify adipose tissue areas from magnetic resonance images without user inputs. Hippo Fatt has yet to be independently validated against commonly used image analysis software programs. Objective: Our aim was to compare estimates of VAT (visceral adipose tissue) and SAT (subcutaneous adipose tissue) using the new Hippo Fatt software against those from a widely used, validated, computer-assisted manual method (slice-O-matic version 4.2, Tomovision, Montreal, CA, USA) to assess its potential utility for large-scale studies. Methods: A Siemens Magnetom Vision 1.5-T whole-body scanner and a T1-weighted fast-spin echo pulse sequence were used to collect multiple, contiguous axial images of the abdomen from a sample of 40 healthy adults (20 men) aged 18-77 years of age, with mean body mass index of 29 kg/m 2 (range ¼ 19-43 kg/m 2 ). Results: Hippo Fatt provided estimates of VAT and SAT that were highly correlated with estimates using slice-O-matic (R 2 40.9). Average VAT was 9.4% lower and average SAT was 3.7% higher using Hippo Fatt compared to slice-O-matic; the overestimation of SAT tended to be greater among individuals with greater adiposity. Individual-level differences for VAT were also substantial; Hippo Fatt gave estimates of VAT ranging from 1184 cm 3 less to 566 cm 3 more than estimates for the same person using slice-O-matic. Conclusion: Hippo Fatt provides a rapid method of quantifying total VAT, although the method does not provide estimates that are interchangeable with slice-O-matic at either the group (mean) or individual level.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

et al. 2006

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“…Many different methods such as MRI/MRSI, computed tomography (CT) and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) are used to evaluate body composition and in particular the regional distribution of fat (125)(126)(127)(128)(129). While many studies have been published that were instrumental in improving understanding of lipid metabolism in general, a review of these publications would be beyond the limits of this article, which focuses on the observation of muscular lipids by means of 1 H-MRS.…”

Section: Mri Of Muscular Fat and Estimation Of Other Lipid Compartmenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

et al. 2006

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1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of intramyocellular lipids (IMCL) became particularly important when it was recognized that IMCL levels are related to insulin sensitivity. While this relation is rather complex and depends on the training status of the subjects, various other influences such as exercise and diet also influence IMCL concentrations. This may open insight into many metabolic interactions; however, it also requires careful planning of studies in order to control all these confounding influences. This review summarizes various historical, methodological, and practical aspects of 1 H-MR spectroscopy (MRS) of muscular lipids. That includes a differentiation of bulk magnetic susceptibility effects and residual dipolar coupling that can both be observed in MRS of skeletal muscle, yet affecting different metabolites in a specific way. Fitting of the intra-(IMCL) and extramyocellular (EMCL) signals with complex line shapes and the transformation into absolute concentrations is discussed. Since the determination of IMCL in muscle groups with oblique fiber orientation or in obese subjects is still difficult, potential improvement with high-resolution spectroscopic imaging or at higher field strength is considered. Fat selective imaging is presented as a possible alternative to MRS and the potential of multinuclear MRS is discussed. 1 H-MRS of muscle lipids allows non-invasive and repeated studies of muscle metabolism that lead to highly relevant findings in clinics and patho-physiology.

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“…Beyond whole body measures, novel adipose tissue depots measured by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the measurement of subcutaneous adipose tissue and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT). 9 Greater adipose infiltration of the muscle in obese 10 and elderly, 11 and abdominal obesity are associated with glucose intolerance, 12 insulin resistance 13 and cardiovascular disease 14 and IMAT has been associated with type II diabetes 15 and metabolic syndrome. 16 To date, no studies have utilized MRI to assess the impact of physical activity on the relation between adipose depots and risk for metabolic disease in the SCI population.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this study, IMAT is defined as adipose tissue located beneath the fascia lata and between muscles. 9,10 Methods Subjects Fourteen highly active athletes with SCI (seven men, seven women; duration of injury 16.575.7 years, level of injury T5-L5) were recruited from university varsity athletic teams and compared to 17 age-and body mass index (BMI)-matched sedentary AB reference controls (eight men, nine women). The SCI athletes participated in the varsity athletic program between 1 and 5 years, which involved 12 h of sport-specific and 3 h of resistance training per week, while the AB sedentary subjects participated in less than 60 min of purposeful physical activity per week throughout the past 6 months.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between regional body composition and metabolic outcomes in athletes with spinal cord injury

et al. 2007

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Study design: Cross-sectional study comparing athletes with spinal cord injury (SCI) and age and body mass index matched able-bodied controls (AB). Objective: To examine the impact of exercise training on the relation between whole body, regional and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) and glucose tolerance, insulin action and lipid profile. Setting: University Research Laboratory, USA. Methods: Fourteen college-aged athletes with SCI (seven men; duration of injury 16.575.7 years, level of injury T5-L5) and 17 sedentary AB (eight men) were assessed for body composition via dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and magnetic resonance imaging. Insulin sensitivity index (ISI) was determined via 2-h oral glucose challenge; standard lipid profile was determined from fasting blood samples. Results: Although ISI was 30% higher in SCI, there were no significant differences between groups in glucose and insulin responses or in lipid measures. Adjusting for absolute and relative thigh IMAT area, fasting insulin (13.875.3 mIU, 16.375.6 mIU; Po0.05; SCI vs AB respectively) and ISI (4.071.4, 3.171.3; Po0.05) were significantly better among SCI athletes compared to AB. Measures of adiposity did not correlate with glucose response or most lipid measures. Within SCI and AB, respectively, ISI correlated strongly (all Po0.05) with absolute (r ¼ À0.70, À0.54) and relative IMAT (r ¼ À0.54, À0.50), than with trunk (r ¼ À0.62, À0.64) and whole body fat mass (r ¼ À0.61, À0.64). Conclusion: Habitual physical activity can maintain insulin sensitivity in SCI compared to sedentary AB controls. Total body fat mass, central adiposity and thigh IMAT appear to impact risk for metabolic disease in SCI individuals with IMAT playing a larger role in SCI than AB.

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Adipose Tissue Quantification by Imaging Methods: A Proposed Classification

Cited by 400 publications

References 114 publications

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

Validity of a new automated software program for visceral adipose tissue estimation

Role of proton MR for the study of muscle lipid metabolism

The association between regional body composition and metabolic outcomes in athletes with spinal cord injury

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