Adipose Tissue Modification through Feeding Strategies and Their Implication on Adipogenesis and Adipose Tissue Metabolism in Ruminants

Abstract

Dietary recommendations by health authorities have been advising of the importance of diminishing saturated fatty acids (SFA) consumption and replacing them by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly omega-3. Therefore, there have been efforts to enhance food fatty acid profiles, helping them to meet human nutritional recommendations. Ruminant meat is the major dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) source, but it also contains SFA at relatively high proportions, deriving from ruminal biohydrogenation of PUFA. Additionally, lipid metabolism in ruminants may differ from other species. Recent research has aimed to modify the fatty acid profile of meat, and other animal products. This review summarizes dietary strategies based on the n-3 PUFA supplementation of ruminant diets and their effects on meat fatty acid composition. Additionally, the role of n-3 PUFA in adipose tissue (AT) development and in the expression of key genes involved in adipogenesis and lipid metabolism is discussed. It has been demonstrated that linseed supplementation leads to an increase in α-linolenic acid (ALA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), but not in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), whilst fish oil and algae increase DHA content. Dietary PUFA can alter AT adiposity and modulate lipid metabolism genes expression, although further research is required to clarify the underlying mechanism.

Nutritional Enhancement of Health Beneficial Omega-3 Long-Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Muscle, Liver, Kidney, and Heart of Tattykeel Australian White MARGRA Lambs Fed Pellets Fortified with Omega-3 Oil in a Feedlot System

“…A prospective cohort study of men in the USA [45] and a cross-sectional survey of Korean adults [46] both reinforced the need to enhance a healthier composition of red meat among consumers to minimize the dietary risks of coronary heart disease, cardiometabolic, and cancer mortality burdens. Previous studies [22,[47][48][49][50][51] had established…”

“…A prospective cohort study of men in the USA [45] and a cross-sectional survey of Korean adults [46] both reinforced the need to enhance a healthier composition of red meat among consumers to minimize the dietary risks of coronary heart disease, cardiometabolic, and cancer mortality burdens. Previous studies [22,[47][48][49][50][51] had established that the fatty acid profiles of muscles and organs can be modified by dietary supplementation with n-3 LC-PUFA, leading to higher human health beneficial EPA + DHA + DPA and lower n-3/n-6 ratio [52]. It is important to strike a balance between attaining higher total PUFA deposition in the muscle and oxidative stability [53] because meat color, flavor, nutritional value, shelf-life, and overall consumer acceptance can be compromised by lipid oxidation [54,55].…”

Polymorphism in FASN, SCD1 and ANXA9 Genes: A Preliminary Study of Markers Which May Serve As Genetic Predictors of the Fatty Acid Profile of Sheep Milk

“…Due to the biohydrogenation process taking place in the rumen content, nutrition is the main factor determining the fatty acid pro le in the milk of ruminants 10,25,27 . However, the level of fatty acids in sheep milk shows a low to moderate genetic variation for individual acids (ranging from 0.01 to 0.47) 26 .…”

“…Other genes of interest in this area include genes encoding enzymes that participate in fatty acid metabolism as well as genes encoding fatty acid binding and transport proteins 8 . Fatty acid synthase (FASN) encoded by the FASN gene is a multifunctional homodimeric enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of fatty acids (FA), plays a key role in the synthesis of short-and medium-chain fatty acids in mammals 9,10 . Additionally, which is important in the adult life of mammals, it determines the energy homeostasis of the organism and is involved in the production of milk lipids during lactation 11 .…”

Main regulatory factors of marbling level in beef cattle

“…2020 ). Additionally, PPARγ in cooperation with C/EBPα plays a crucial role in manipulating adipogenic differentiation because it is required for the activation of many adipogenic genes, such as C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, early B-cell factor 1 (EBF1), Kruppel like factor 5 and 6 ( KLF5 and KLF6 ), SRY-box transcription factor 6 (SOX6) and STAT5 ( Urrutia et al., 2020 ; Ambele et al. 2020 ).…”