Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

Trim, William; Thompson, Dylan; Turner, James

doi:10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_101903

Cited by 4 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Adipose tissue is a metabolically active tissue that evolutionarily developed as a specialized lipid depot also capable of secreting a wide range of signaling molecules (adipokines) 1 . Perturbations in adipose tissue physiology are known to be implicated in a wide range of metabolic disturbances, and obesity is the most widespread 2 . Findings in the last decades demonstrated that exposure to environmental pollutants may play a significant role in the development of obesity because of their role as endocrine disruptors, raising the concept of “obesogens” 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipotropic effects of heavy metals and their potential role in obesity

Tinkov¹,

Aschner²,

Tao³

et al. 2021

Fac Rev

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Epidemiological studies demonstrated an association between heavy metal exposure and the incidence of obesity and metabolic syndrome. However, the particular effects of metal toxicity on adipose tissue functioning are unclear. Therefore, recent findings of direct influence of heavy metals (mercury, cadmium, and lead) and metalloid (arsenic) on adipose tissue physiology are discussed while considering existing gaps and contradictions. Here, we provide a literature review addressing adipose tissue as a potential target of heavy metal toxicity. Experimental in vivo studies demonstrated a significant influence of mercury, cadmium, lead, and arsenic exposure on body adiposity. In turn, in vitro experiments revealed both up- and downregulation of adipogenesis associated with aberrant expression of key adipogenic pathways, namely CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ). Comparison of the existing studies on the basis of dose and route of exposure demonstrated that the effects of heavy metal exposure on adipose tissue may be dose-dependent, varying from increased adipogenesis at low-dose exposure to inhibition of adipose tissue differentiation at higher doses. However, direct dose-response data are available in a single study only for arsenic. Nonetheless, both types of these effects, irrespective of their directionality, contribute significantly to metabolic disturbances due to dysregulated adipogenesis. Particularly, inhibition of adipocyte differentiation is known to reduce lipid-storage capacity of adipose tissue, leading to ectopic lipid accumulation. In contrast, metal-associated stimulation of adipogenesis may result in increased adipose tissue accumulation and obesity. However, further studies are required to reveal the particular dose- and species-dependent effects of heavy metal exposure on adipogenesis and adipose tissue functioning.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipotropic effects of heavy metals and their potential role in obesity

Tinkov¹,

Aschner²,

Tao³

et al. 2021

Fac Rev

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“…The alterations of AT structure and its cellular composition lead to the impairment of its normal physiological functions such as energy imbalance, abnormal secretions, and immune cell infiltration (Trim et al 2018). Adipose tissue is known for its plasticity that makes it adaptive to accumulate the surplus of energy in the form of triglycerides (Badimon and Cubedo 2017;Martínez-Fernández et al 2018).…”

Section: Cadmium and Adipose Tissue Dysfunctionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cadmium: An Emerging Role in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

et al. 2021

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Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is widespread in the environment due to the substantial anthropogenic inputs from the agriculture and industrial sectors. The toxic impact of Cd adversely affects human health and is linked with endocrine disruption, carcinogenicity, diabetes-related diseases, and metabolic disorder. One of the main characterizations of Cd is bioaccumulation where its half-life reaches 40 years with an unknown biological role. Several organs were found to be targets for Cd accumulation such as the liver, kidneys, and adipose tissue. Adipose tissue (AT) is a dynamic organ that plays a significant role in the body’s homeostasis through the maintenance of energy storage. Another vital function for AT is the secretion of adipokines which provides a metabolic cross-talk with the whole body’s organs. Cd is found to adversely impact the function of AT. This includes the disruption of adipogenesis, lipogenesis, and lipolysis. As a consequence, dysfunctional AT has disruptive patterns of adipokines secretions. The main adipokines produced from AT are leptin and adiponectin. Both were found to be significantly declined under the Cd exposure. Additionally, adipose tissue macrophages can produce either anti-inflammatory markers or pro-inflammatory markers depending on the local AT condition. Cadmium exposure was reported to upregulate pro-inflammatory markers and downregulate anti-inflammatory markers. However, the exact mechanisms of Cd’s adverse role on AT structure, function, and secretion patterns of adipokines are not totally clarified. Therefore, in this review, we present the current findings related to Cd detrimental effects on adipose tissues.

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“…The accumulation of adipose tissue is prominent within the abdominal cavity, but ectopic deposition also occurs around organs and within skeletal muscle ( 195 , 196 ). Aging contributes to dysfunction of adipose tissue, characterised by changes to the tissue microenvironment at structural and cellular levels, resulting in abnormal secretions derived predominantly, from adipocytes and resident immune cells ( 197 ). Changes to the tissue include adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoperfusion, hypoxia, impaired insulin signaling, and accumulation of macrophages with a pro-inflammatory phenotype and infiltration of other inflammatory immune cells, such as sub-populations of T cells.…”

Section: The Relevance Of Aging and Lifestyle For Cancer Biomarker Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A possible mechanism underlying interactions between disease progression and adipose tissue surrounding breast tumors could be the adoption of an adipose derived secretory phenotype that attracts different populations of immune cells. Adipose tissue dysfunction is characterised by changes to the tissue microenvironment at cellular and structural levels, which results in abnormal secretions derived from adipocytes and local immune cells ( 197 ). Changes include adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoperfusion, hypoxia and impaired insulin signaling, leading to an enlargement of adipose tissue, low-grade systemic inflammation due to the release of inflammatory cytokines ( 341 , 342 ) and possibly exacerbated immunosenescence ( 343 ).…”

Section: The Relevance Of Aging and Lifestyle For Cancer Biomarker Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Changes include adipocyte hypertrophy, hypoperfusion, hypoxia and impaired insulin signaling, leading to an enlargement of adipose tissue, low-grade systemic inflammation due to the release of inflammatory cytokines ( 341 , 342 ) and possibly exacerbated immunosenescence ( 343 ). These changes lead to immune cell accumulation within adipose tissue, most prominently consisting of macrophages with a pro-inflammatory phenotype and effector-memory CD8+ T cells ( 195 , 197 ). The implications of attracting highly inflammatory populations of immune cells to areas surrounding breast tumors are unknown, but could conceivably have both negative and positive effects, depending on the cell type recruited, perhaps in part providing one explanation for the “obesity paradox”.…”

Section: The Relevance Of Aging and Lifestyle For Cancer Biomarker Prmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

et al. 2021

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Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women worldwide. Over the last four decades, diagnostic and therapeutic procedures have improved substantially, giving patients with localized disease a better chance of cure, and those with more advanced cancer, longer periods of disease control and survival. However, understanding and managing heterogeneity in the clinical response exhibited by patients remains a challenge. For some treatments, biomarkers are available to inform therapeutic options, assess pathological response and predict clinical outcomes. Nevertheless, some measurements are not employed universally and lack sensitivity and specificity, which might be influenced by tissue-specific alterations associated with aging and lifestyle. The first part of this article summarizes available and emerging biomarkers for clinical use, such as measurements that can be made in tumor biopsies or blood samples, including so-called liquid biopsies. The second part of this article outlines underappreciated factors that could influence the interpretation of these clinical measurements and affect treatment outcomes. For example, it has been shown that both adiposity and physical activity can modify the characteristics of tumors and surrounding tissues. In addition, evidence shows that inflammaging and immunosenescence interact with treatment and clinical outcomes and could be considered prognostic and predictive factors independently. In summary, changes to blood and tissues that reflect aging and patient characteristics, including lifestyle, are not commonly considered clinically or in research, either for practical reasons or because the supporting evidence base is developing. Thus, an aim of this article is to encourage an integrative phenomic approach in oncology research and clinical management.

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Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

Cited by 4 publications

References 29 publications

Adipotropic effects of heavy metals and their potential role in obesity

Adipotropic effects of heavy metals and their potential role in obesity

Cadmium: An Emerging Role in Adipose Tissue Dysfunction

A Phenomic Perspective on Factors Influencing Breast Cancer Treatment: Integrating Aging and Lifestyle in Blood and Tissue Biomarker Profiling

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