Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese horses with equine metabolic syndrome

Reynolds, Amy; Keen, John; Fordham, T.; Morgan, Ruth

doi:10.1111/evj.13097

Cited by 35 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Hyperleptinemia has previously been described as a component of EMS [18, 42]. Serum leptin concentrations in ponies increased as BCS increased [20, 43] and were higher in ponies with ID, with these ponies also having greater BCS and CNS than the control groups [18, 44]. However, these studies did not discriminate between obese ponies, and ponies with ‘normal’ BW with cresty necks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies

et al. 2019

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Generalized obesity, regional adiposity, hyperinsulinemia and hypertriglyceridemia are all potential indicators of equine metabolic syndrome (EMS). This study aimed to assess the relationship between morphometric measurements of body condition and metabolic hormone concentrations in ponies, with and without a neck crest or generalised obesity. Twenty-six ponies were assigned a body condition score (BCS) and cresty neck score (CNS). Height, girth, and neck measurements were taken. An oral glucose test (OGT; 0.75g dextrose/kg BW) was performed and blood samples collected prior to and 2 hours post dosing. Basal blood samples were analysed for blood glucose, serum insulin, triglyceride and leptin, and plasma HMW adiponectin concentrations. Post-prandial samples were analysed for serum insulin concentration. The ponies were grouped as having a) a normal to fleshy body status (BCS ≤7 and CNS ≤2; n = 10); b) having a high CNS, but without generalised obesity (BCS ≤7 and CNS ≥3; n = 11), or c) being obese (BCS ≥8 and CNS ≥1; n = 5). Responses to the OGT indicated that both normal and insulin-dysregulated ponies were included in the cohort. Post-prandial serum insulin was positively associated with CNS (P<0.035) and ponies with a CNS ≥ 3 had 5 times greater odds of being insulin-dysregulated. The high CNS group had a greater insulin response to the OGT than those in the normal/fleshy group (P = 0.006), whereas obese ponies did not differ from the other two groups. Basal HMW adiponectin was negatively correlated with post-prandial insulin concentrations (r = -0.5, P = 0.009), as well as being decreased in the group with a high CNS, compared to the obese group (P = 0.05). Cresty neck score was more predictive of insulin dysregulation than BCS, and this may be relevant to the diagnosis of EMS. Adiponectin may also be a measure of insulin dysregulation that is independent of body condition.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies

et al. 2019

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“…The function of equine fat and parallels with dysfunctional fat in people were also explored by Reynolds et al 15 Peri-renal and retroperitoneal fat in obese horses with hyperinsulinaemia and previous or current laminitis showed adipocyte hypertrophy and increased leptin and inflammatory cytokine expression compared with healthy horses and this work revealed some important similarities with dysfunctional fat in people in which adipocyte hypertrophy and a pro-inflammatory phenotype are also associated with metabolic disease whereas adipocyte hyperplasia is associated with a more normal metabolism.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

Clinical insights: Equine obesity

Knowles

Grieve

2020

Equine Veterinary Journal

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Equine obesity is an increasingly common problem associated with severe consequences. Research is developing quickly and data collected by Equine Veterinary Journal (EVJ) shows that work relating to equine obesity is widely read and cited, highlighting clinical and research interest in this area. This virtual issue brings together selected articles published recently in EVJ that have made important contributions to our understanding of this important welfare concern.Overweight and obesity in man are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation that may impair health and are defined on the basis of excessive body mass index. 1 Obesity in equids is considered to involve one or more of generalised or localised excessive adipose tissue and a predisposition to weight gain or resistance to weight loss 2 ; a common criteria to define obesity has often been a body condition score (BCS) ≥7/9 to correspond with a total body fat percentage of around ≥20%. 3 Obesity is common in equids but the prevalence varies in different populations. The results of a large owner questionnaire survey included in this virtual issue 4 indicated that 31% of horses/ponies were obese based on owner assessment with a higher prevalence of obesity amongst native breeds and those used for pleasure riding or that were unridden. Owners' recognition of obesity may however be limited, potentially underestimating the true prevalence. 5A range of clinical conditions may be associated with equine obesity but the most serious and best studied is the increased risk of endocrinopathic laminitis associated with insulin dysregulation (ID). 6Insulin dysregulation comprises hyperinsulinaemia (basal or in response to carbohydrate challenge) and/or tissue insulin insensitivity 7 and is identified relatively frequently with obesity. Insulin dysregulation may also occur in horses without externally apparent obesity and conversely does not occur in all horses that appear obese. 2Whilst the mechanical effects of excessive weight are undoubtedly unhelpful to the hoof in the presence of trigger factors for laminitis it is the direct effect of insulin on the laminae that appears fundamental to the pathogenesis of endocrinopathic laminitis. 2The pathogenesis of laminitis remains elusive but theories of pathogenesis have developed substantially over recent years. Rather than a 'unifying theory' by which diverse predisposing factors converge on a common pathway there are considered to be different 'forms' of laminitis with different pathogeneses: endocrinopathic,

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“…Additionally, the metabolic response to the OGT may vary depending on the proportions of metabolically active tissues (e.g., muscle mass versus adipose tissue) and their functional integrity (e.g., adipose tissue dysfunction). Neither parameter was assessed in the present study, but both might be affected by variations in bodyweight ( Blaue et al, 2019 ; Reynolds et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Metabolic impact of weight variations in Icelandic horses

Delarocque

Frers

Huber

et al. 2021

PeerJ

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Background Insulin dysregulation (ID) is an equine endocrine disorder, which is often accompanied by obesity and various metabolic perturbations. The relationship between weight variations and fluctuations of the insulin response to oral glucose tests (OGT) as well as the metabolic impact of ID have been described previously. The present study seeks to characterize the concomitant metabolic impact of variations in the insulin response and bodyweight during repeated OGTs using a metabolomics approach. Methods Nineteen Icelandic horses were subjected to five OGTs over one year and their bodyweight, insulin and metabolic response were monitored. Analysis of metabolite concentrations depending on time (during the OGT), relative bodyweight (rWeight; defined as the bodyweight at one OGT divided by the mean bodyweight across all OGTs) and relative insulin response (rAUCins; defined accordingly from the area under the insulin curve during OGT) was performed using linear models. Additionally, the pathways significantly associated with time, rWeight and rAUCins were identified by rotation set testing. Results The results suggested that weight gain and worsening of ID activate distinct metabolic pathways. The metabolic profile associated with weight gain indicated an increased activation of arginase, while the pathways associated with time and rAUCins were consistent with the expected effect of glucose and insulin, respectively. Overall, more metabolites were significantly associated with rWeight than with rAUCins.

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Adipose tissue dysfunction in obese horses with equine metabolic syndrome

Cited by 35 publications

References 44 publications

The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies

The cresty neck score is an independent predictor of insulin dysregulation in ponies

Clinical insights: Equine obesity

Metabolic impact of weight variations in Icelandic horses

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