Adipose tissue and metabolic effects: new insight into measurements

Pietrobelli, Angelo; Boner, Attilio; Tatò, Luciano

doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0803079

Cited by 36 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In research, the investigation of the association between early growth data and later outcomes is desirable. 23 The determination of where a subject is in the continuum of puberty is complicated. Inferring pubertal stage from chronological age is an unreliable method because of the physiological discrepancy between chronological and biological age at this time of life.…”

Section: Using the Correct Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical research in adolescents: challenges and opportunities using obesity as a model

et al. 2008

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Adolescent medicine is relatively young, compared to paediatric or adult medicine. Descriptive and observational studies have dominated the adolescent literature, including those studies published in the International Journal of Obesity. In addition, many studies have combined child and adolescent age groups, making it difficult to determine adolescent-specific outcomes. It is important that high quality intervention studies in adolescents occur. Adolescence is a time of extraordinary plasticity. Habits, attitudes and physical morbidity that develop during adolescence set up trajectories that have a profound influence on health and wellbeing for the long term. Overweight and obesity are an excellent example of the need for high quality intervention studies and yet in the last two decades there have been very few randomized, controlled trials of overweight and obesity management in adolescents. There are a number of complexities in adolescent research that create additional challenges to those that accompany any clinical research. These include recruitment and retention, issues around consent and confidentiality and the central role that parents play in supporting the research protocol. Pubertal stage is a potential confounder and needs to be accurately measured. This is certainly true for studies in overweight and obesity where excess adiposity influences pubertal and other hormones. The opportunities to undertake quality research in adolescents are likely to be enhanced by the use of novel approaches which acknowledge the unique features of adolescents and their world.

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Section: Using the Correct Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical research in adolescents: challenges and opportunities using obesity as a model

et al. 2008

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“…Epidemiological studies have shown that, already in childhood, abdominal fat appears to be significantly associated with an unfavorable metabolic profile, including insulin resistance, decreased high-density lipoprotein-and elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations and high concentrations of triacylglycerol (Brambilla et al, 1994;Gower et al, 1998;Freedman et al, 1999;Goran and Gower, 1999;Teixeira et al, 2001;Pietrobelli et al, 2005). Although it has been suggested that subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) is independently associated with insulin resistance (Goran and Gower, 1999), most research suggests that SAAT has a protective effect on metabolic risk (Weiss and Caprio, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measuring abdominal adiposity in 6 to 7-year-old children

et al. 2009

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Background/Objectives: Both intra-abdominal adipose tissue (IAAT) and subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue (SAAT) are associated with cardiovascular risk factors, even in childhood. Currently, the gold standard in assessing IAAT and SAAT is computed tomography (CT), which is not widely applicable. The aim of this study was to estimate abdominal fat using anthropometry, dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and ultrasound, and compare these estimates with the amounts of IAAT and SAAT determined by CT in 6 to 7-year-old children. Subjects/Methods: In 31 healthy children, weight, height, circumferences, skinfolds, DEXA, abdominal ultrasound and CT were performed. Measurements were compared by simple correlations and receiver operating characteristic analyses. Results: Total abdominal fat on CT did not differ between boys and girls (86.5 versus 89.8 cm 3 , P ¼ 0.84). Boys had a higher IAAT to SAAT ratio than girls (0.56 versus 0.37, P ¼ 0.03). The sum of supra-iliac and abdominal skinfolds was most strongly correlated with SAAT on CT (r ¼ 0.93, Po0.001), and the abdominal skinfold with IAAT on CT (r ¼ 0.72, Po0.001). Diagnosis of subcutaneous abdominal and intra-abdominal adiposity can also be made using skinfolds. The associations with circumferences, body mass index and DEXA were less pronounced; however, these techniques can also be used to classify children according to SAAT and IAAT. Ultrasound can be used to diagnose subcutaneous adiposity, although it was not superior to skinfold measurements. Conclusion: Skinfold measurements are the best non-invasive technique in predicting subcutaneous as well as intra-abdominal fat in our population of 6 to 7-year-old children.

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“…42 Recently, the relation between both macro-(low fat vs low carbohydrate) and micro (ie, calcium, iron) nutrients intake and childhood obesity has been discussed for both the treatment and the development of obesity. 43 Despite the sense of this relationship it is not well established; it is important to optimize the nutritional status from fetal life to adolescence.…”

Section: Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

From birth to adolescence: Vienna 2005 European Childhood Obesity Group International Workshop

et al. 2005

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BACKGROUND:In the last 15 y there has been a tremendous increase in the number of studies on pediatric obesity looking at epidemiology, health-related risks, etiology, methodology and treatment. During the early 1990s, the European Childhood Obesity Group (ECOG) was born as a group of scientists' expert in the field of pediatric obesity. ECOG this year celebrates the approach to early maturity with an excited and omni-comprehensive program developing through eight different tracks. METHODS: Comments on different 'key' papers in each of the eight tracks. RESULTS: The eight tracks were (1) Nutrition requirements and food habits, (2) physical activity, (3) prevention and political actions/strategies, (4) diabetes, (5) metabolism, (6) psychology, (7) pathology, and (8) treatment with emphasis on drugs. CONCLUSION: Looking at the overall picture of the ECOG workshop we could conclude that despite the fact that childhood obesity is a crisis facing worldwide youth, it is necessary that action to control it must be taken now. All the six relevant levels (ie, family, schools, health professionals, government, industry and media) could be involved in prevention of child and adolescent obesity.

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Adipose tissue and metabolic effects: new insight into measurements

Cited by 36 publications

References 34 publications

Clinical research in adolescents: challenges and opportunities using obesity as a model

Clinical research in adolescents: challenges and opportunities using obesity as a model

Measuring abdominal adiposity in 6 to 7-year-old children

From birth to adolescence: Vienna 2005 European Childhood Obesity Group International Workshop

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