Adipose-derived stem cells: a review of osteogenesis differentiation

Abstract

<jats:p>This review article provides an overview on adipose-derived stem cells (ADSCs) for implications in bone tissue regeneration. Firstly this article focuses on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) which are object of interest in regenerative medicine. Stem cells have unlimited potential for self-renewal and develop into various cell types. They are used for many therapies such as bone tissue regeneration. Adipose tissue is one of the main sources of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Regenerative medicine intends to differentiate ADSC along specific lineage pathways to effect repair of damaged or failing organs. For further clinical applications it is necessary to understand mechanisms involved in ADSCs proliferation and differentiation. Second part of manuscript based on osteogenesis differentiation of stem cells. Bones are highly regenerative organs but there are still many problems with therapy of large bone defects. Sometimes there is necessary to make a replacement or expansion new bone tissue. Stem cells might be a good solution for this especially ADSCs which manage differentiate into osteoblast in in vitro and in vivo conditions.</jats:p>

Fabrication of Scaffolds for Bone-Tissue Regeneration

“…It seems that stem cells of approximately 0.5 × 10 4 to 2.0 × 10 5 can be obtained from 1 gram of fat tissue, according to gender, age, body mass index and location of the fat tissue. In addition, there is no ethical problem, as there is for embryonal stem cells [ 124 ]. Their usage can be very wide because of their potential for differentiation [ 125 ] into many types of mesenchymal cells (osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes) with an appropriate expression of the major marker genes [ 124 ].…”

“…In addition, there is no ethical problem, as there is for embryonal stem cells [ 124 ]. Their usage can be very wide because of their potential for differentiation [ 125 ] into many types of mesenchymal cells (osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes) with an appropriate expression of the major marker genes [ 124 ]. Using human ADSCs together with biocompatible material facilitates growing cells in 3D structures [ 123 ].…”

“…Scientists have been increasingly interested in the significant potential for use of MSCs [ 124 ]. Multipotent MSCs can be found in several adult tissues [ 126 ].…”

“…Research is still needed, however, on how to distinguish MSCs in mixed-population cells [ 127 ]. The International Society for Cellular Therapy (ISCT) and The International Federation for Adipose Therapeutics (IFATS) have set out fundamental criteria for MSCs: plastic adherence, a specific set of cell surface markers (CD73, CD90, CD73, CD105) and lack of expression of CD14, CD34, CD45 and human leucocyte antigen-DR (HLA-DR) surface proteins, and the ability to differentiate into adipocyte, chondroblasts and osteoblast in vitro [ 124 ].…”

Revisiting the Advances in Isolation, Characterization and Secretome of Adipose-Derived Stromal/Stem Cells

“…On contrary, BMP2 has been reported for its synergistic effect on vitamin D3 in the promotion of osteogenesis of ASCs [ 136 ]. Interestingly, hypoxia in addition to promoting angiogenesis [ 137 ], has also been reported to enhance osteogenic potential and up-regulate the expression of octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4), Kruppel-like factor 4 (KLF4) and NANOG [ 138 , 139 , 140 ]. However, the inhibitory activity of hypoxia against mineralization and osteogenic potential of ASCs via IGFBP3 up-regulation have also been documented [ 141 ].…”