Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome

Matsuzawa, Yūji; Funahashi, Tohru; Kihara, Shinji; Shimomura, Iichiro

doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000099786.99623.ef

Cited by 1,060 publications

(835 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Women had significantly greater levels of HMW adiponectin than men, which is similar to what has been reported in the general population. 4,5,17 Thus, to minimize the influence of age and gender, we performed a multivariate analysis adjusted for age, gender, duration of dialysis and other conventional risk factors, and showed that the independent contribution of VFA to decreased plasma HMW adiponectin remained significant in hemodialysis patients. Furthermore, we showed that the distribution of abdominal adiposity and the prevalence of VFA4100 cm 2 was 31.2% in men and 15.5% in women and that the accumulation of MS components was significant and correlated positively with VFA and negatively with HMW adiponectin, suggesting that reduced VFA might be important for the prevention of CVD not only in the general population, but also in hemodialysis patients.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinically, serum or plasma adiponectin is decreased in pathological states, including obesity, diabetes mellitus and ischemic heart disease. 4,5 Hypoadiponectinemia increases the prevalence of ischemic heart disease twofold 4,5 and has been shown to be a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in the general population. In hemodialysis patients with cardiovascular events, serum adiponectin levels are lower than that in patients without cardiovascular events.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Potential impact of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers on plasma high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients

Nakagawa

Yao²,

Hirayama³

et al. 2011

Hypertens Res

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Although metabolic syndrome confers an increased risk of cardiovascular disease in the general population, little is known about the alteration of abdominal adiposity and its association with adipocytokines in hemodialysis patients. We investigated the plasma high-molecular-weight (HMW) adiponectin level and its relationship to visceral fat area (VFA) and various markers of atherosclerosis in hemodialysis patients. In a cross-sectional study, conventional cardiovascular risk factors, plasma total and HMW adiponectin, the number of components of the metabolic syndrome and, using computed tomography, the distribution of abdominal adiposity were assessed in 144 hemodialysis patients (90 men and 54 women; mean age, 60.7 years) and 30 age-and sex-matched patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Plasma HMW adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients were significantly higher than those in patients with CKD, negatively associated with VFA and serum triglycerides and positively associated with plasma total adiponectin, as well as the HMW-to-total adiponectin ratio in men and women (all Po0.05) in a simple regression analysis. In a multiple regression analysis, VFA was a significant determinant of HMW adiponectin in hemodialysis patients. Furthermore, after adjustment for classical risk factors, HMW adiponectin levels were significantly higher in patients undergoing treatment with renin-angiotensin system inhibitors or calcium channel blockers compared with patients not undergoing such treatment. This study shows that plasma HMW adiponectin levels were negatively associated with VFA and positively associated with treatment with blockade of the renin-angiotensin system and of the calcium channel. Therefore, these drugs might be effective for improving adipocytokine-related metabolic abnormalities in hemodialysis patients.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential impact of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers on plasma high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients

Nakagawa

Yao²,

Hirayama³

et al. 2011

Hypertens Res

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“…Adiponectin could potentially reduce insulin resistance through a number of mechanisms, although the principal effects seem to be achieved through a reduction in hepatic glucose production and increased fatty acid oxidation [9]. Recent clinical studies implicate low levels of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of both insulin resistance and cardiovascular disease [10,11]. Leptin production, on the other hand, is upregulated by the fat-filled adipocyte [6] and has an important role in the regulation of appetite through inhibitory effects on appetite stimulatory pathways in the arcuate nucleus [12].…”

Section: Neel Revisitedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neel revisited: the adipocyte, seasonality and type 2 diabetes

Scott

Grant

2006

Diabetologia

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The modern epidemic of obesity and insulin resistance with cardiovascular risk factor clustering is related to the development of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Over 40 years ago, Neel postulated that insulin resistance should confer survival benefit. Extrapolating Neel's hypothesis, we propose that the cluster of associated abnormalities also confers survival benefit and is related to metabolic responses seen in seasonally responsive animals. Weight gain in preparation for winter is accompanied by a range of acute metabolic changes virtually identical to the long-term changes seen in type 2 diabetes. In seasonal animals the responses are acute, physiological and protective. In man, similar responses that would once have conferred survival benefit have become chronic, pathological and harmful in modern life. We hypothesise that type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in man are the result of chronic and inappropriate pinealhypothalamic-adipocyte interactions biologically related to seasonal change.Keywords Adipocyte . Cardiovascular disease . Circadian and circannual rhythm . Clock genes . Hypothalamus . Inflammation . Insulin resistance . Melatonin . Metabolic syndrome . Seasonality . Type 2 diabetes Neel revisitedThe world is currently in the midst of an epidemic of type 2 diabetes, and around 300 million individuals are predicted to develop this disorder by the year 2025 [1]. The close biological relationship between diabetes and cardiovascular disease has focused attention on the common genetic and environmental antecedents of these conditions-the common soil hypothesis [2]-but the pathophysiological basis of these associations remains obscure. In 1962, Neel proposed the thrifty genotype hypothesis, which postulated that insulin overproduction must at one time have had a beneficial effect, in that it would provide 'an important energy conserving mechanism when food intake was irregular and obesity rare' [3]. Although Neel recognised insulin antagonism rather than insulin resistance, he hypothesised that the combination of obesity with increased insulin (or the presence of insulin antagonists) would lead to the development of diabetes. With hindsight, Neel was essentially speculating on the potential metabolic benefits of insulin resistance. The recognition in the last 20 years of an insulin resistance risk cluster [4] indicates that, under certain circumstances, elements of the risk cluster should also be beneficial to the survival of the organism, a response that, by analogy with Neel's original hypothesis, may coincidentally lead to the development of cardiovascular disease in times of plenty. The development of both insulin resistance and inflammation are physiological responses to increasing adiposity that, by definition, should be beneficial to the survival of the organism. The observation that the chronic metabolic milieu associated with type 2 diabetes is harmful raises the possibility that the adipocyte response to fat loading is beneficial when acute and short-lived, as is o...

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“…As expression of APN is decreased under conditions of general metabolic dysfunction, including obesity, T2DM, and cardiovascular diseases (Fig. 1),4 it is reasonable to speculate that ‘loss of function’ of APN might promote metabolic diseases and that restoration of APN signaling might be beneficial. Consistent with this idea, it has been shown that stimulation of APN signaling by recombinant APN or an APN receptor agonist is effective in the treatment of a mouse model of metabolic disorders 5, 6…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Importance of adiponectin activity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

Waragai

Ho²,

Takamatsu

et al. 2017

Ann Clin Transl Neurol

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A recent study suggested that insulin resistance may play a central role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). In this regard, it is of note that upregulation of plasma adiponectin (APN), a benign adipokine that sensitizes the insulin receptor signaling pathway and suppresses inflammation, has recently been associated with the severities of amyloid deposits and cognitive deficits in the elderly, suggesting that APN may enhance the risk of AD. These results are unanticipated because AD has been linked to type II diabetes and other metabolic disorders in which hypoadiponectinemia has been firmly established, and because APN ameliorated neuropathological features in a mouse model of neurodegeneration. Therefore, the objective of this study is to discuss the possible mechanisms underlying the biological actions of APN in the context of AD. Given that insulin receptor signaling is required for normal function of the nervous system, we predict that APN may be upregulated to compensate for compromised activity of the insulin receptor signaling pathway. However, increased APN might be sequestered by tau in the brain, leading to neurotoxic protein aggregation in AD. Alternatively, misfolding of APN may result in downregulation of the insulin/APN signal transduction network, leading to decreased neuroprotective and neurotrophic activities. Thus, it is possible that both ‘gain of function’ and ‘loss of function’ of APN may underlie synaptic dysfunction and neuronal cell death in AD. Such a unique biological mechanism underlying APN function in AD may require a novel therapeutic strategy that is distinct from previous treatment for metabolic disorders.

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Adiponectin and Metabolic Syndrome

Cited by 1,060 publications

References 41 publications

Potential impact of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers on plasma high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients

Potential impact of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers on plasma high-molecular-weight adiponectin levels in hemodialysis patients

Neel revisited: the adipocyte, seasonality and type 2 diabetes

Importance of adiponectin activity in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease

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