Adipocyte, Immune Cells, and miRNA Crosstalk: A Novel Regulator of Metabolic Dysfunction and Obesity

Abstract

Obesity is characterized as a complex and multifactorial excess accretion of adipose tissue (AT) accompanied with alterations in the immune response that affects virtually all age and socioeconomic groups around the globe. The abnormal accumulation of AT leads to several metabolic diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disorder (NAFLD), low-grade inflammation, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cardiovascular disorders (CVDs), and cancer. AT is an endocrine organ composed of adipocytes and immune cells, including B-Cells, T-cells and macrophages. These immune cells secrete various cytokines and chemokines and crosstalk with adipokines to maintain metabolic homeostasis and low-grade chronic inflammation. A novel form of adipokines, microRNA (miRs), is expressed in many developing peripheral tissues, including ATs, T-cells, and macrophages, and modulates the immune response. miRs are essential for insulin resistance, maintaining the tumor microenvironment, and obesity-associated inflammation (OAI). The abnormal regulation of AT, T-cells, and macrophage miRs may change the function of different organs including the pancreas, heart, liver, and skeletal muscle. Since obesity and inflammation are closely associated, the dysregulated expression of miRs in inflammatory adipocytes, T-cells, and macrophages suggest the importance of miRs in OAI. Therefore, in this review article, we have elaborated the role of miRs as epigenetic regulators affecting adipocyte differentiation, immune response, AT browning, adipogenesis, lipid metabolism, insulin resistance (IR), glucose homeostasis, obesity, and metabolic disorders. Further, we will discuss a set of altered miRs as novel biomarkers for metabolic disease progression and therapeutic targets for obesity.

New Insights to the Crosstalk between Vascular and Bone Tissue in Chronic Kidney Disease–Mineral and Bone Disorder

“…Research has identified vascular and bone cells as important actors in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system, inflammation, immune system, energy balance, and mineral handling [1,2]. This is in line with other research areas, where complex interrelations between different organs and across organ systems are continuously being demonstrated [3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Functional Role of miR-155 in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications

“…Thousands of mammalian mRNAs have been predicted to be targeted by miRNAs and hundreds of such interactions have been experimentally proven so far [ 20 , 21 ]. An overwhelming amount of data demonstrated that miRNAs fine-tuning of gene expression plays indispensable roles in human development and disease [ 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ].…”

Transcriptome of visceral adipose tissue identifies an inflammation-related ceRNA network that regulates obesity

“…Because the host genes of circ-0003000 and circ-0139142 were ORC5 and NTRK2 we name them circORC5 and circNTRK2 respectively. We further validated the association between circNTRK2 and circNTRK2 expression and BMI, negative correlations of both circRNAs and BMI, indicating that downregulated obesity-associated ceRNA networks promoted obesity Discussion Accumulating evidence con rms that excessive energy storage in VAT leads to dysregulated secretion of adipokines and cytokines and state of chronic, low-grade in ammation and insulin resistance associated with obesity [18,19] . In this study, the VAT transcriptome revealed that DE genes and DE ncRNAs have an important role in the pathogenesis of obesity by modulating the process of in ammation and adipogenesis.…”