Adhesive Secretions

Wolff, Jonas; Gorb, Stanislav N.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-45713-0_8

Cited by 4 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 80 publications

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“…Poecilochirus carabi bears an extensible arolium at the end of the elongated pretarsal ambulacrum (terminology following [27]), but no visible claws (figure 5 a ). By contrast, M. nataliae has an arolium flanked by two claws (figure 5 b ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical adaptations enable phoretic mite species to occupy distinct spatial niches on host burying beetles

Sun,

Chen,

Federle

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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Niche theory predicts that ecologically similar species coexist by minimizing interspecific competition through niche partitioning. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms of niche partitioning is essential for predicting interactions and coexistence between competing organisms. Here, we study two phoretic mite species, Poecilochirus carabi and Macrocheles nataliae that coexist on the same host burying beetle Nicrophorus vespilloides and use it to ‘hitchhike’ between reproductive sites. Field observations revealed clear spatial partitioning between species in distinct host body parts. Poecilochirus carabi preferred the ventral side of the thorax, whereas M. nataliae were exclusively found ventrally at the hairy base of the abdomen. Experimental manipulations of mite density showed that each species preferred these body parts, largely regardless of the density of the other mite species on the host beetle. Force measurements indicated that this spatial distribution is mediated by biomechanical adaptations, because each mite species required more force to be removed from their preferred location on the beetle. While P. carabi attached with large adhesive pads to the smooth thorax cuticle, M. nataliae gripped abdominal setae with their chelicerae. Our results show that specialist biomechanical adaptations for attachment can mediate spatial niche partitioning among species sharing the same host.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biomechanical adaptations enable phoretic mite species to occupy distinct spatial niches on host burying beetles

Sun,

Chen,

Federle

et al. 2024

Proc. R. Soc. B.

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“…In contrast to the production of robust anchors and the agglutination of prey body parts, the glue for a permanent predatory snare needs to retain its stickiness, whereas a durable strong bonding is less important [ 54 ], as a spider will typically approach the trapped prey and subdue it using legs or silk wraps and, finally, venom [ 55 ]. To remain sticky, the material must stay soft, i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From fibres to adhesives: evolution of spider capture threads from web anchors by radical changes in silk gland function

Wolff,

Ashley,

Schmitt

et al. 2024

J. R. Soc. Interface.

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Spider webs that serve as snares are one of the most fascinating and abundant type of animal architectures. In many cases they include an adhesive coating of silk lines—so-called viscid silk—for prey capture. The evolutionary switch from silk secretions forming solid fibres to soft aqueous adhesives remains an open question in the understanding of spider silk evolution. Here we functionally and chemically characterized the secretions of two types of silk glands and their behavioural use in the cellar spider, Pholcus phalangioides. Both being derived from the same ancestral gland type that produces fibres with a solidifying glue coat, the two types produce respectively a quickly solidifying glue applied in thread anchorages and prey wraps, or a permanently tacky glue deployed in snares. We found that the latter is characterized by a high concentration of organic salts and reduced spidroin content, showing up a possible pathway for the evolution of viscid properties by hygroscopic-salt-mediated hydration of solidifying adhesives. Understanding the underlying molecular basis for such radical switches in material properties not only helps to better understand the evolutionary origins and versatility of ecologically impactful spider web architectures, but also informs the bioengineering of spider silk-based products with tailored properties.

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“…In some spider taxa, such as Mygalomorpha (see Table 1), Theridiidae, and Clubionidae, release of inner sensillum lymph from tip-pore sensilla ("ribbed hair sensilla") located on scopula (adhesive) pads was observed (e.g., Peattie, Dirks, Henriques, & Federle, 2011;Wolff & Gorb, 2016). Once released, receptor lymph may not only coagulate in and around the terminal pore but also extend from the pore forming "trails" (Foelix et al, 2013;Foelix, Rast, & Peattie, 2012; F I G U R E 1 0 Argiope bruennichi, microanatomy of tarsal trichoid tip-pore sensilla (a,c-e: females, b: male), as depicted from longitudinal (a) and cross (b-e) sections.…”

Section: Chemoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Albeit, these findings indicate that small amounts of sensillum lymph are released through the terminal pore of the spider tip-pore sensilla. As with insects, these lymph substances might function as a solvent for chemical substances received by (gustatory) receptors (Wolff & Gorb, 2016).…”

Section: Chemoreceptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultrastructure of chemosensory tarsal tip‐pore sensilla of Argiope spp. Audouin, 1826 (Chelicerata: Araneae: Araneidae)

Müller

Ganske

Uhl

2020

Journal of Morphology

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While chemical communication has been investigated intensively in vertebrates and insects, relatively little is known about the sensory world of spiders despite the fact that chemical cues play a key role in natural and sexual selection in this group. In insects, olfaction is performed with wall-pore and gustation with tip-pore sensilla. Since spiders possess tip-pore sensilla only, it is unclear how they accomplish olfaction. We scrutinized the ultrastructure of the trichoid tip-pore sensilla of the orb weaving spider Argiope bruennichi-a common Palearctic species the males of which are known to be attracted by female sex pheromone. We also investigated the congener Argiope blanda. We examined whether the tip-pore sensilla differ in ultrastructure depending on sex and their position on the tarsi of walking legs of which only the distal parts are in contact with the substrate. We hypothesized as yet undetected differences in ultrastructure that suggest gustatory versus olfactory functions. All tarsal tip-pore sensilla of both species exhibit characters typical of contact-chemoreceptors, such as (a) the presence of a pore at the tip of the sensillum shaft, (b) 2-22 uniciliated chemoreceptive cells with elongated and unbranched dendrites reaching up to the tip-pore, (c) two integrated mechanoreceptive cells with short dendrites and large tubular bodies attached to the sensillum shaft's base, and (d) a socket structure with suspension fibres that render the sensillum shaft flexible. The newly found third mechanoreceptive cell attached to the proximal end of the peridendritic shaft cylinder by a small tubular body was likely overlooked in previous studies. The organization of tarsal tip-pore sensilla did not differ depending on the position on the tarsus nor between the sexes. As no wall-pore sensilla were detected, we discuss the probability that a single type of sensillum performs both gustation and olfaction in spiders.

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Adhesive Secretions

Cited by 4 publications

References 80 publications

Biomechanical adaptations enable phoretic mite species to occupy distinct spatial niches on host burying beetles

Biomechanical adaptations enable phoretic mite species to occupy distinct spatial niches on host burying beetles

From fibres to adhesives: evolution of spider capture threads from web anchors by radical changes in silk gland function

Ultrastructure of chemosensory tarsal tip‐pore sensilla of Argiope spp. Audouin, 1826 (Chelicerata: Araneae: Araneidae)

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