Adhesive Hydrogel Building Blocks to Reconstruct Complex Cartilage Tissues

Abstract

Cartilage has an intrinsically low healing capacity, thereby requiring surgical intervention. However, limitations of biological grafting and existing synthetic replacements have prompted the need to produce cartilage-mimetic substitutes. Cartilage tissues perform critical functions that include load bearing and weight distribution, as well as articulation. These are characterized by a range of high moduli (≥1 MPa) as well as high hydration (60–80%). Additionally, cartilage tissues display spatial heterogeneity, resulting in regional differences in stiffness that are paramount to biomechanical performance. Thus, cartilage substitutes would ideally recapitulate both local and regional properties. Toward this goal, triple network (TN) hydrogels were prepared with cartilage-like hydration and moduli as well as adhesivity to one another. TNs were formed with either an anionic or cationic 3rd network, resulting in adhesion upon contact due to electrostatic attractive forces. With the increased concentration of the 3rd network, robust adhesivity was achieved as characterized by shear strengths of ∼80 kPa. The utility of TN hydrogels to form cartilage-like constructs was exemplified in the case of an intervertebral disc (IVD) having two discrete but connected zones. Overall, these adhesive TN hydrogels represent a potential strategy to prepare cartilage substitutes with native-like regional properties.

Bioadhesive and Injectable Hydrogels and Their Correlation with Mesenchymal Stem Cells Differentiation for Cartilage Repair: A Mini-Review

“…Another study explores an injectable, highly adhesive hydrogel with exosomes for early-stage osteoarthritis cartilage defects, offering potential for minimal cartilage defect treatment and stem cellbased repair [52]. Further research focuses on triple network (TN) hydrogels mimicking cartilage properties, relevant for stem cell-based cartilage repair [144]. Additionally, a mussel-inspired adhesive hydrogel (PDA/Gel-PAA) exhibits high mechanical strength, adhesion, and stem cell-friendly cartilage repair [45].…”