Adhesive Cementation and the Strengthening of All-Ceramic Dental Restorations

The deformation and strength of a dental ceramic following resin-cement coating

“…Porcelain laminate veneer (PLV) or dentine bonded crown (DBC) restorations are more often than not received from the laboratory prepared for cementation with the 'fit' surfaces having been subjected to a pre-cementation conditioning regimen [1]. Ceramic surfaces are frequently alumina particle air-abraded [2,3] or acid-etched [4,5] to create a micro-mechanically retentive surface conducive to bonding to the dental cement.…”

Transient and residual stresses induced during the sintering of two dentin ceramics

“…This finding was in agreement with previous studies investigating resin strengthening of veneering porcelains (Viadur Alpha [23] and IPS e.max ® Ceram [25]) conducted using the profilometric technique. The compressive stress state generated by the volumetric shrinkage of the resin-based luting cement during polymerisation [46] is exacerbated due to the shrinkage stress being constrained within the resin-ceramic hybrid layer that is produced by the infiltration of the resinbased luting cement into the surface topography [29][30][31] induced by acid-etching the ceramic surface [45]. It is suggested that the compressive stress state generated during polymerisation of the resin [46] and constrained within the resin-ceramic hybrid layer [29][30][31] is less readily dissipated across thinner specimens.…”

“…The compressive stress state generated by the volumetric shrinkage of the resin-based luting cement during polymerisation [46] is exacerbated due to the shrinkage stress being constrained within the resin-ceramic hybrid layer that is produced by the infiltration of the resinbased luting cement into the surface topography [29][30][31] induced by acid-etching the ceramic surface [45]. It is suggested that the compressive stress state generated during polymerisation of the resin [46] and constrained within the resin-ceramic hybrid layer [29][30][31] is less readily dissipated across thinner specimens. The compressive stress is in practice more constrained by the thicker specimens (1.06±0.07 mm) owing to the increased rigidity compared with the thinner specimens (0.61±0.05 mm) manifested as the significantly reduced characterised mean of the maximum deflection on resincement coating with increasing specimen thickness.…”

“…It has been suggested that heat-pressing fabrication routes for glass-ceramic materials are advantageous by reducing the likelihood of the formation of large flaws [27,28] and minimising thermally induced residual stresses [22]. A further important clinical influence on restoration fracture resistance is the impact of cementation protocols which may modify surface defect distributions [29][30][31] Therefore, the aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of heat-pressing and subsequent pre-cementation (acid-etching) and resin-cementation operative M a n u s c r i p t 3 techniques on the development and magnitude of the transient and residual stresses in different clinically relevant thicknesses of a lithium disilicate glass-ceramic characterised using a profilometric technique [23][24][25]. The hypothesis tested was that the transient and residual stress state in a heat-pressed lithium disilicate ceramic is modified by acid-etching and resin-cementation but is dependent on the clinically relevant thickness of glass-ceramic employed.…”

Transient and residual stresses in a pressable glass–ceramic before and after resin–cement coating determined using profilometry

“…24,26 It has been suggested that heat-pressing fabrication routes for glassceramic materials are advantageous by reducing the likelihood of the formation of large flaws 27,28 and minimising thermally induced residual stresses. 22 A further important clinical influence on restoration fracture resistance is the impact of cementation protocols which may modify surface defect distributions [29][30][31] and transient and residual stress states. [23][24][25] Notably, Malament and Socransky reported 14 year 32 and 16 year 33 clinical survival data for 1444 Dicor glassceramic dental restorations and demonstrated by employing an adhesive resin-luting cement a reduced fracture rate was observed when compared with conventional luting with acidbase cements such as zinc phosphate or glass-ionomers.…”