Adhesive Capable of Underwater Adhesion and Wound Hemostasis Prepared Based on Solvent Exchange

Abstract

Whether used for underwater adhesion or wound hemostasis, adhesives are required to have strong wet adhesion. However, traditional adhesives are difficult to break through the blockade of the hydration interface, so they cannot achieve strong underwater adhesion, and their biological toxicities are also greater, not suitable for wound hemostasis. In this work, small molecule polyethylene glycol diacrylate (PEGDA‐200) and dopamine (DA) with good biocompatibility are used as raw materials to synthesize a long chain polymer (PDDA) with hydrophobic backbone and hydrophilic group through the Michael addition reaction. Based on the hydrogen bond interaction between PDDA and silicotungstic acid (SiW) and the solvent exchange between dimethyl sulfoxide and water, the two are successfully caused to agglomerate and form a viscous aggregate (PDDA‐SiW). PDDA‐SiW not only has strong underwater adhesion to various substrates, but also has strong adhesion and readhesion to fresh pigskins. In addition, PDDA‐SiW also has very low hemolysis and cytotoxicity and strong antibacterial properties, and it is a very good underwater adhesion and wound hemostatic material.

Hydrogels for underwater adhesion: adhesion mechanism, design strategies and applications

“…In the eld of underwater adhesion of hydrogels, the hydration layer is considered as a water lm between the hydrogel and the adherend, which seriously hinders the adhesion of the hydrogel to the adherend. [29][30][31][32][33] Therefore, removing the hydration layer is the rst step in underwater adhesion. In this section, two hydration layer removal methods are introduced and a concise overview of the research progress of interfacial water removal is given.…”

“…78 The hydrogen bond between the catechol-containing polydopamine chain and SiW increases continuously with the increase of solvent polarity to achieve crosslinking. 31 Hydrogen bonds formed inside the hydrogel will be destroyed by water molecules underwater, resulting in a decrease in cohesion. 79 Therefore, some design strategies need to be applied in underwater adhesion to mitigate the effect of underwater hydrogen bond failure.…”

Rational design of adhesives for effective underwater bonding

“…As a result, the interfacial water entered into the adhesive, and the adhesive therefore well contacted with the submerged substance. This strategy was also illustrated by Dan and coworkers, who also utilized DMSO as the solvent ( Song et al, 2021 ).…”

“…In addition, the curing process can be initiated when the adhesive encounters with water. There are several ways to achieve this type of curing, such as hydrophobicity-induced aggregation ( Cui et al, 2019 ), water-incorporated chain extension reactions ( Xia et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2022 ), solvent exchange-induced electrostatic complexation or hydrogen bond (H bond) crosslinking ( Zhao et al, 2016 ; Song et al, 2021 ), etc. For example, the core of hydrophobic pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA) in a hyperbranched polymer with hydrophilic branches can self-aggregate upon encountering water ( Cui et al, 2019 ), and the residual isocyanate in adhesive can react with water, thus extending chains and enhancing cohesiveness ( Xia et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2022 ).…”

“…For example, the core of hydrophobic pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (PETEA) in a hyperbranched polymer with hydrophilic branches can self-aggregate upon encountering water ( Cui et al, 2019 ), and the residual isocyanate in adhesive can react with water, thus extending chains and enhancing cohesiveness ( Xia et al, 2021 ; Yan et al, 2022 ). The polyanion and polycation-mixed adhesive with the solvent of DMSO can solidify after it was applied underwater due to the production of electrostatic complexation caused by the exchange of DMSO and water ( Zhao et al, 2016 ; Song et al, 2021 ). Besides, water can also be utilized to accelerate the curing process.…”