Adhesion to Dental Ceramics

Abstract

All-ceramic restorations are attractive because of their long lasting esthetics and the ability to withstand the oral conditions. However, bonding to ceramics has challenged the dental community for the last few decades. The clinical success of a ceramic restoration is strongly dependent on the quality and durability of the bond between the resin cement and the restoration. This study presents the bonding mechanisms and the mechanical tests to evaluate the adhesive interfaces of resin-bonded ceramic restorations, mainly the zirconiabased restorations, which are the most popular. An adequate bond involves ceramic surface changes for mechanical retention, which can be achieved using primers, such as acids and airborne particle abrasion. Selective etching of high crystalline content ceramics mostly occurs within grain boundaries that offer little micromechanical retention and an insufficient bond to resin. The most popular surface treatment to improve adhesion to high crystalline content ceramics involves the treatment of surfaces with airborne particle abrasion and chemical bonding. Yet, there are reports on new methods to enhance the resin bond to zirconia that need further investigation. This study provides scientific evidences to guide the clinical procedures on bonding ceramic restorations.

Disilicate Dental Ceramic Surface Preparation by 1070 nm Fiber Laser: Thermal and Ultrastructural Analysis

“…The physical contribution to the adhesion process is dependent on the surface treatment and topography of the substrate and can be characterized by its surface energy. Alteration of the surface topography by etching or airborne particle abrasion results in changes on the surface area and on the wettability of the substrate, which are related to the surface energy and the adhesive potential [ 22 ]. A rough surface increases the mechanical retention by enabling the adhesive to interlock with the surface irregularities created by the different conditioning methods [ 23 ].…”

Zirconia as a Dental Biomaterial

“…GIC and resin-modified GIC (RMGIC) are often used to cement acid-resistant ceramics, mostly because these cements are very easy to use. However, the most popular and effective cements for all types of ceramic restorations are the resin-based composites, including the systems containing the 10-methacryloyloxydecyl-dihydrogen-phosphate (MDP) monomer [2,45,47]. …”

“…It could be true if the restoration would not be bonded to the tooth structure or remaining restorative materials (e.g . , composites and metals), working as an integrated system where diverse stresses, from chewing to para-functional habits (e.g., bruxism), are distributed throughout the system due to appropriate bonding [ 2 , 45 ]. This rationale is supported by the ISO 6872:2010 [ 46 ] standard that classifies the ceramics according to the intended clinical use and made the distinction between adhesively and non-adhesively cemented restorations.…”

“…As zirconia is an acid-resistance ceramic, other methods to produce micromechanical retention have been used, including airborne particle abrasion (APA) systems, often called sandblasting, and coarse diamond rotary instruments. Several studies [ 17 , 45 , 47 , 50 , 51 , 58 , 59 ] reported that airborne particle abrasion methods using alumina particles or silica-modified alumina particles (silica coating) produced greater surface roughness ( R a ) values and that silica coated surfaces showed a significant increase (76%) in the concentration of silicon, which should enhance bonding to resin via silane coupling agents [ 45 , 51 , 59 ]. Therefore, silica coating (silicatization) systems (e.g., Rocatec and Cojet, 3M-ESPE) have been used to create a silica layer on metal and ceramic surfaces through high-speed surface impact of the silica-modified alumina particles that can penetrate up to 15 μm into ceramic and metal substrates.…”

“…Therefore, silica coating (silicatization) systems (e.g., Rocatec and Cojet, 3M-ESPE) have been used to create a silica layer on metal and ceramic surfaces through high-speed surface impact of the silica-modified alumina particles that can penetrate up to 15 μm into ceramic and metal substrates. This tribochemical effect may be explained by two bonding mechanisms: (1) the creation of a topographic pattern via airborne particle abrasion allowing for micromechanical bonding to resin; and (2) the promotion of a chemical bond between the silica coated ceramic surface and the resin-based material, via a silane coupling agent [ 2 , 45 ].…”