“…In terms of lubrication, the most popular methods used to assess lubricant properties are the model of ball-on-three-balls [20], pin-on-disc [21], or three-ball-on-disc [22]. In terms of assessing the adhesion ability of the coating films, there are several widely used methods such as the pull-off test [23], the sandwich specimen-based method [24], four-point bend specimen [25], indentation test [26], and peel test [27]. Nonetheless, these methods are complex, time-consuming, and complicated to handle for data processing.…”