“…Prior studies have reported that there are several key properties and parameters of bacteria influencing bacterial adhesion to a surface, each to varying degrees. These include the hydrophobicity of the bacterial wall, surface potential of the bacteria, bacterial size, − bacterial shape, − the presence of curli and pili, − quorum sensing ability, , and the ability to produce extracellular bacterial adhesins . In addition, the characteristics of the substrate surface such as hydrophobicity, − surface potential and charge, heterogeneity, , patterns, ,, roughness, − and stiffness have been demonstrated to also be important.…”