Adhesion forces between Staphylococcus epidermidis and surfaces bearing self-assembled monolayers in the presence of model proteins

Liu, Yatao; Strauss, J; Camesano, Terri A.

doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.07.044

Cited by 85 publications

(88 citation statements)

References 69 publications

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“…This indicates that the incorporation of QACs in the membrane, leakage-associated loss of turgor pressure, and subsequent removal from the surface are accelerated by external stress, as applied here through the force exerted by the AFM tip and arising from the substratum. This is supported by the observation that strong adhesion forces of staphylococci to surfaces as an external stress caused a higher percentage of dead bacteria in the absence, but particularly in the presence, of bactericidal silver ions (20).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Survival of Adhering Staphylococci during Exposure to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound Evaluated by Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

Crismaru

Asri

Loontjens

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Effects of a quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) on the survival of adhering staphylococci on a surface were investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM). Four strains with different minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentrations (MBC) for the QAC were exposed to three different concentrations of the QAC in potassium phosphate buffer (0.5؋, 1؋, and 2؋ MBC) while adhering to glass. Adhering staphylococci were repeatedly imaged with AFM in the contact mode, and the cell surface was found to wrinkle upon progressive exposure to the QAC until bacteria disappeared from the substratum. Higher concentrations of QAC yielded faster wrinkling and the disappearance of bacteria during imaging. Two slime-producing staphylococcal strains survived longer on the surface than two non-slime-producing strains despite similar MICs and MBCs. All staphylococci adhering in unscanned areas remained adhering during exposure to QAC. Since MICs and MBCs did not relate to bacterial cell surface hydrophobicities and zeta potentials, survival on the surface is probably not determined by the direct interaction of QAC molecules with the cell surface. Instead, it is suggested that the pressure of the AFM tip assists the incorporation of QAC molecules in the membrane and enhances their bactericidal efficacy. In addition, the prolonged survival under pressure from slime-producing strains on a surface may point to a new protective role of slime as a stress absorber, impeding the incorporation of QAC molecules. The addition of Ca 2؉ ions to a QAC solution yielded longer survival of intact, adhering staphylococci, suggesting that Ca 2؉ ions can impede the exchange of membrane Ca 2؉ ions required for QAC incorporation.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 69%

Survival of Adhering Staphylococci during Exposure to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound Evaluated by Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

Crismaru

Asri

Loontjens

et al. 2011

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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“…While S. epidermidis exhibited weak interactions with albumin, the bacteria showed strong adhesion with fibronectin, due to ligand-receptor binding. As a result, surfaces with deposited fibronectin proteins were more favorable for bacterial adhesion than nonprotein-coated surfaces (53). Albumin immobilized or physically adsorbed to silicone surfaces significantly reduced S. epidermidis adhesion compared to untreated silicone (87).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm by Trimethylsilane Plasma Coating

Chen

Jones

et al. 2012

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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c Biofilm formation on implantable medical devices is a major impediment to the treatment of nosocomial infections and promotes local progressive tissue destruction. Staphylococcus epidermidis infections are the leading cause of biofilm formation on indwelling devices. Bacteria in biofilms are highly resistant to antibiotic treatment, which in combination with the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among human pathogens further complicates treatment of biofilm-related device infections. We have developed a novel plasma coating technology. Trimethylsilane (TMS) was used as a monomer to coat the surfaces of 316L stainless steel and grade 5 titanium alloy, which are widely used in implantable medical devices. The results of biofilm assays demonstrated that this TMS coating markedly decreased S. epidermidis biofilm formation by inhibiting the attachment of bacterial cells to the TMS-coated surfaces during the early phase of biofilm development. We also discovered that bacterial cells on the TMS-coated surfaces were more susceptible to antibiotic treatment than their counterparts in biofilms on uncoated surfaces. These findings suggested that TMS coating could result in a surface that is resistant to biofilm development and also in a bacterial community that is more sensitive to antibiotic therapy than typical biofilms.

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“…Recent observations emphasize that deactivation of bacterial metabolism differs when bacteria adhere to different substrata (9,31). Assuming that stress deactivation is related to cell deformation, it is inferred that naturally occurring bacteria suffer small, nanoscale deformation upon adhesion, causing stress deactivation (9,32) and cell death as a fatal result when adhesion forces and accompanying deformation become too large (33)(34)(35).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…So far, this aspect of long-range adhesion forces between bacteria and substratum surfaces has been largely neglected, because deformation due to adhesion forces is small for naturally occurring bacteria, which possess a rigid, well-structured peptidoglycan layer. Nevertheless, it has recently been pointed out that even small deformations can have a considerable impact on the metabolic activity of adhering bacteria, a phenomenon for which the term "stress deactivation" has been coined (9). Thus, despite their small numerical values, minor variations in long-range adhesion forces may still strongly affect the behavior of bacterial cells at substratum surfaces.…”

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confidence: 99%

Nanoscale Cell Wall Deformation Impacts Long-Range Bacterial Adhesion Forces on Surfaces

Chen

Harapanahalli

Busscher

et al. 2014

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Adhesion of bacteria occurs on virtually all natural and synthetic surfaces and is crucial for their survival. Once they are adhering, bacteria start growing and form a biofilm, in which they are protected against environmental attacks. Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is mediated by a combination of different short-and long-range forces. Here we present a new atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based method to derive long-range bacterial adhesion forces from the dependence of bacterial adhesion forces on the loading force, as applied during the use of AFM. The long-range adhesion forces of wild-type Staphylococcus aureus parent strains (0.5 and 0.8 nN) amounted to only one-third of these forces measured for their more deformable isogenic ⌬pbp4 mutants that were deficient in peptidoglycan cross-linking. The measured long-range Lifshitz-Van der Waals adhesion forces matched those calculated from published Hamaker constants, provided that a 40% ellipsoidal deformation of the bacterial cell wall was assumed for the ⌬pbp4 mutants. Direct imaging of adhering staphylococci using the AFM peak force-quantitative nanomechanical property mapping imaging mode confirmed a height reduction due to deformation in the ⌬pbp4 mutants of 100 to 200 nm. Across naturally occurring bacterial strains, long-range forces do not vary to the extent observed here for the ⌬pbp4 mutants. Importantly, however, extrapolating from the results of this study, it can be concluded that long-range bacterial adhesion forces are determined not only by the composition and structure of the bacterial cell surface but also by a hitherto neglected, small deformation of the bacterial cell wall, facilitating an increase in contact area and, therewith, in adhesion force. Bacteria adhere to virtually all natural and synthetic surfaces (1, 2), as adhesion is crucial for their survival. Bacterial adhesion to surfaces is followed by their growth and constitutes the first step in the formation of a biofilm, in which organisms are protected against antimicrobial treatment and environmental attacks. Accordingly, the biofilm mode of growth is highly persistent and biofilms are notoriously hard to remove, causing major problems in many industrial and biomedical applications, with high associated costs. On the other hand, biofilms can be beneficial, too, as in the bioremediation of soil, for instance. Surface thermodynamics and (extended) DLVO (Derjaguin and Landau, Verwey, and Overbeek) approaches have been amply applied in current microbiology to outline that bacterial adhesion to surfaces is mediated by an interplay of different fundamental physicochemical interactions, including Lifshitz-Van der Waals, electric double-layer, and acid-base forces (3-5). Assorted according to their different effective ranges, these different fundamental interactions can be alternatively categorized into two groups, short-range and long-range forces (6), that act over distances of a few nm up to 10s of nm, respectively.Long-range adhesion forces are generally associated with Lifshitz-Van der ...

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Adhesion forces between Staphylococcus epidermidis and surfaces bearing self-assembled monolayers in the presence of model proteins

Cited by 85 publications

References 69 publications

Survival of Adhering Staphylococci during Exposure to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound Evaluated by Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

Survival of Adhering Staphylococci during Exposure to a Quaternary Ammonium Compound Evaluated by Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

Inhibition of Staphylococcus epidermidis Biofilm by Trimethylsilane Plasma Coating

Nanoscale Cell Wall Deformation Impacts Long-Range Bacterial Adhesion Forces on Surfaces

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