Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes

Epstein, Lynn; Nicholson, Ralph L.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46082-6_2

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 171 publications

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“…hydrophobic and electrostatic forces [21,22], and the second step involves secretion of enzymes and mucilage. Hydrolytic enzymes degrade the cuticle, release nutrients and facilitate penetration [23–25], while mucilage is often secreted to enhance binding to the host cuticle [26]. The adhesin, Mad1 assists in attachment of fungi to the insect cuticle, thus contributing to pathogenesis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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Entomopathogenic fungi are potential biological control agents of mosquitoes. Our group observed that not all mosquitoes were equally susceptible to fungal infection and observed significant differences in virulence of different spore types. Conidiospores and blastospores were tested against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae. Blastospores are normally considered more virulent than conidia as they form germ tubes and penetrate the host integument more rapidly than conidia. However, when tested against Cx. quinquefasciatus, blastospores were less virulent than conidia. This host-fungus interaction was studied by optical, electron and atomic force microscopy (AFM). Furthermore, host immune responses and specific gene expression were investigated. Metarhizium brunneum (formerly M. anisopliae) ARSEF 4556 blastospores did not readily adhere to Culex larval integument and the main route of infection was through the gut. Adhesion forces between blastospores and Culex cuticle were significantly lower than for other insects. Larvae challenged with blastospores showed enhanced immune responses, with increased levels of phenoloxidase, glutathione-S-transferase, esterase, superoxide dismutase and lipid peroxidase activity. Interestingly, M. brunneum pathogenicity/stress-related genes were all down-regulated in blastospores exposed to Culex. Conversely, when conidia were exposed to Culex, the pathogenicity genes involved in adhesion or cuticle degradation were up-regulated. Delayed host mortality following blastospore infection of Culex was probably due to lower adhesion rates of blastospores to the cuticle and enhanced host immune responses deployed to counter infection. The results here show that subtle differences in host-pathogen interactions can be responsible for significant changes in virulence when comparing mosquito species, having important consequences for biological control strategies and the understanding of pathogenicity processes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

et al. 2018

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“…In the case of water-disseminated pathogens, such as Magnaporthe oryzae or Colletotrichum graminicola, this is achieved by release of glue, whereas for wind-disseminated pathogens, like powdery mildews, the initial contact can be secured by hydrophobic interactions between the conidiospore and the leaf surface (Epstein and Nicholson, 2006). Nevertheless, conidial extracellular material might also help in this case to attach a conidiospore to the plant surface (Wright et al, 2002).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The fungus completes its lifecycle by building conidial mother cells, and novel conidiospores emerge (Eichmann and Hückelhoven, 2008). Right after initial contact, Bgh conidiospores prepare an infection court at the interface to their host, and Epstein and Nicholson (2006) speculated that, at this space of tight adherence, the concentration of lytic enzymes, such as cutinases (Pascholati et al, 1992), effectively could be maintained at higher levels. This enzymatic activity may lead to the release of monomeric or oligomeric degradation products (e.g.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Evolutionary Conserved Function of Barley and Arabidopsis 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASES in Providing Wax Signals for Germination of Powdery Mildew Fungi

Weidenbach¹,

Jansen

Franke

et al. 2014

Plant Physiology

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For plant pathogenic fungi, such as powdery mildews, that survive only on a limited number of host plant species, it is a matter of vital importance that their spores sense that they landed on the right spot to initiate germination as quickly as possible. We investigated a barley (Hordeum vulgare) mutant with reduced epicuticular leaf waxes on which spores of adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi showed reduced germination. The barley gene responsible for the mutant wax phenotype was cloned in a forward genetic screen and identified to encode a 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASE (HvKCS6), a protein participating in fatty acid elongation and required for synthesis of epicuticular waxes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis revealed that the mutant has significantly fewer aliphatic wax constituents with a chain length above C-24. Complementation of the mutant restored wild-type wax and overcame germination penalty, indicating that wax constituents less present on the mutant are a crucial clue for spore germination. Investigation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) transgenic plants with sense silencing of Arabidopsis REQUIRED FOR CUTICULAR WAX PRODUCTION1, the HvKCS6 ortholog, revealed the same germination phenotype against adapted and nonadapted powdery mildew fungi. Our findings hint to an evolutionary conserved mechanism for sensing of plant surfaces among distantly related powdery mildews that is based on KCS6-derived wax components. Perception of such a signal must have been evolved before the monocot-dicot split took place approximately 150 million years ago.

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“…Thereby, it is known that the complex process of adhesion of cells to surfaces is determined, next to surface characteristics, by the properties of the cell itself and environmental factors [ 66 , 67 ]. Furthermore, a broad field of studies on the adhesion of biological cells to surfaces already exists [ 46 , 68 , 69 , 70 ]. The combination of both research areas will allow the development of a more fundamental understanding of the role of interaction forces between particles and biological cells in MPEC.…”

Section: Interaction Between Particles and Cell Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, steric interaction forces can arise in bacteria due to bacterial nanofibers (pili) [ 46 ]. A comprehensive review of adhesion as well as other adhesives of fungi is given by Epstein and Nicholson [ 69 ].…”

Section: Interaction Between Particles and Cell Wallsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects and interactions of metal oxides in microparticle‐enhanced cultivation of filamentous microorganisms

Laible

Dinius

Schrader

et al. 2021

Engineering in Life Sciences

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Filamentous microorganisms are used as molecular factories in industrial biotechnology. In 2007, a new approach to improve productivity in submerged cultivation was introduced: microparticle-enhanced cultivation (MPEC). Since then, numerous studies have investigated the influence of microparticles on the cultivation. Most studies considered MPEC a morphology engineering approach, in which altered morphology results in increased productivity. But sometimes similar morphological changes lead to decreased productivity, suggesting that this hypothesis is not a sufficient explanation for the effects of microparticles. Effects of surface chemistry on particles were paid little attention, as particles were often considered chemically-inert and bioinert. However, metal oxide particles strongly interact with their environment. This review links morphological, physical, and chemical properties of microparticles with effects on culture broth, filamentous morphology, and molecular biology.More precisely, surface chemistry effects of metal oxide particles lead to ion leaching, adsorption of enzymes, and generation of reactive oxygen species.Therefore, microparticles interfere with gene regulation, metabolism, and activity of enzymes. To enhance the understanding of microparticle-based morphology engineering, further interactions between particles and cells are elaborated. The presented description of phenomena occurring in MPEC eases the targeted choice of microparticles, and thus, contributes to improving the productivity of microbial cultivation technology.

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Adhesion and Adhesives of Fungi and Oomycetes

Cited by 18 publications

References 171 publications

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Highly specific host-pathogen interactions influence Metarhizium brunneum blastospore virulence against Culex quinquefasciatus larvae

Evolutionary Conserved Function of Barley and Arabidopsis 3-KETOACYL-CoA SYNTHASES in Providing Wax Signals for Germination of Powdery Mildew Fungi

Effects and interactions of metal oxides in microparticle‐enhanced cultivation of filamentous microorganisms

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