Adherence to the Food and Agricultural Organization guidelines on trypanocide usage among cattle farmers in Itezhi tezhi, Central Zambia

Mbewe, Njelembo J.; Sitali, Lungowe; Namangala, Boniface; Michelo, Charles

doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.02.012

Cited by 8 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The survey was conducted in October 2013 in the tsetse-infested Itezhi tezhi district within Central province of Zambia [ 9 ]. With a total surface area of 13,000 km 2 , approximately 50 % of Itezhi tezhi is the Kafue National Park while the rest is either GMA or Gazette forest [ 9 ]. AT, transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis , is endemic in the district, with eight out of the ten veterinary camps having previously reported the disease [ 9 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Even though Trypanosoma theileri is also commonly encountered during diagnosis, it is not known to cause any disease in cattle [ 8 ]. The tsetse fly is the main determinant of trypanosomosis and is mostly found in and around protected areas such as National Parks and Game Management Areas (GMAs) [ 9 ]. Even though human settlement is not allowed in the National park, it is permitted in the GMA.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of Itezhi-tezhi district in central Zambia

et al. 2015

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BackgroundThe measure of anaemia status using packed cell volume (PCV) can be a reliable indicator of African trypanosomosis (AT) in the absence of other anaemia-causing conditions. However, studies that have estimated prevalence of anaemia in cattle from AT endemic areas have rarely reported the prevalence of the disease in the anaemic cattle. Therefore we investigated the prevalence of AT in anaemic cattle at sites that had recently reported the disease in Itezhi tezhi district of central Zambia.MethodsDuring a survey, blood samples were collected from 564 randomly selected cattle for anaemia determination from seven crush pens (Mutenda, Kapulwe, Banachoongo, Itumbi, Iyanda, New Ngoma and Shinampamba). At a PCV- value cut off of 26 %, all samples positive for anaemia were subjected to both parasitological examination on thick and thin blood smears and polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) for detection of trypanosome DNA. Fisher’s exact test and a mixed effect logistic regression analyses were used to determine and measures associations, respectively.ResultsOf 564 cattle screened, 58 (10.3 %; 95 % CI: 7.8–12.8 %) had anaemia. PCR-RFLP results showed that 17 (29.3 %; 95 % CI; 17.2–41.4 %) anaemic cattle were positive for pathogenic trypanosomes compared to 1 (1.7 %; 95 % CI: 0.0–5.2 %) on parasitological examination using thick smears. The infections were caused by Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax. Fisher’s exact test showed a strong association between PCV and pathogenic trypanosome infection (P = 0.004). A mixed effect multivariate logistic regression showed that a one unit increase in PCV reduced the likelihood of detecting AT with PCR-RFLP by 24.7 % (95 % CI: 4.6–40.6 %; P = 0.019) in anaemic cattle, taking into account their age and sex, with random effects for crush pen.ConclusionThese results suggest that T. congolense and T. vivax could be important causes of anaemia in cattle reared in AT endemic areas of Itezhi tezhi in Central Zambia. This also suggests that even though pathogenic trypanosomal infection was strongly associated with PCV, it could only account for up to 41 % of the anaemia in cattle. Therefore further investigation to ascertain other factors responsible for anaemia in AT endemic areas of Itezhi tezhi in Central Zambia is needed.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of Itezhi-tezhi district in central Zambia

et al. 2015

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“…Meanwhile, lack of political commitment to sustain tsetse and African trypanosomiasis control programmes [ 38 ] has pushed livestock farmers to constant use of trypanocides. The study conducted by Mbewe et al [ 12 ] confirms that livestock farmers living in GMAs or near NPs where tsetse challenge is high have resorted to constant trypanocide use to protect their livestock, which may have serious consequences related to trypanosome resistance to trypanocides [ 39 ]. Treatment of infected animals may seem to be the best option for most livestock farmers, but it may tend to be unsustainable and costly in the long run as AAT is largely a herd health problem (Tsetse and Trypanosomiasis section strategic plan 2020, Zambia-unpublished government record).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Zambia, AAT has been managed through constant use of trypanocides by individual livestock farmers, while treatment and/or management of the disease in humans has been negatively affected by several factors that include late case detection that tends to result in tragic consequences (death) associated with adverse effects of the administered drugs in the late stage [ 12 , 13 ]. The Zambian government has generally made some notable strides in the control of African trypanosomiasis particularly through tsetse control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review

et al. 2020

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Tsetse transmitted trypanosomiasis is a fatal disease commonly known as Nagana in cattle and sleeping sickness in humans. The disease threatens food security and has severe economic impact in Africa including most parts of Zambia. The level of effectiveness of commonly used African trypanosomiasis control methods has been reported in several studies. However, there have been no review studies on African trypanosomiasis control and management conducted in the context of One Health. This paper therefore seeks to fill this knowledge gap. A review of studies that have been conducted on African trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019, with a focus on the control and management of trypanosomiasis was conducted. A total of 2238 articles were screened, with application of the search engines PubMed, PubMed Central and One Search. Out of these articles, 18 matched the required criteria and constituted the basis for the paper. An in-depth analysis of the 18 articles was conducted to identify knowledge gaps and evidence for best practices. Findings from this review provide stakeholders and health workers with a basis for prioritisation of African trypanosomiasis as an important neglected disease in Zambia and for formulation of One Health strategies for better control and/or management of the disease.

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Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis in Bedele district, Buno Bedele zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

Degneh

Kassa

Kebede

et al. 2021

Parasite Epidemiology and Control

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A cross-sectional study was conducted in December 2018 in four purposively selected villages of Bedele district, Oromia Regional State, Southwest Ethiopia. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and associated risk factors of trypanosome infections in cattle. A total of 384 blood samples were collected from systematically selected cattle and examined using buffy coat and thin blood smear examination methods. The overall prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was 8.3%. Trypanosoma congolense (68.8%) and T. vivax (31.2%) were the prevailing trypanosome species identified in the area. A statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05) was observed in the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis between body condition scores of cattle. The prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis was slightly higher in female (9%) as opposed to male (7.3%) cattle, but the difference was not statistically significant ( P > 0.05). Similarly, no statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05) was observed between age categories of cattle. The mean PCV value of trypanosome infected cattle (21.4 ± 3.6) was significantly ( P < 0.05) lower than that of non-infected (25.6 ± 4.6). The current study indicated that, despite vector control measures implemented for several years, bovine trypanosomosis persists and continues to be a core problem to cattle health and production in the Bedele district. Therefore, more attention should be given to control the disease and its vectors based on temporal and spatial distribution. Also, the use of molecular techniques should be encouraged in view of their greater sensitivity when compared to the buffy coat method.

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Adherence to the Food and Agricultural Organization guidelines on trypanocide usage among cattle farmers in Itezhi tezhi, Central Zambia

Cited by 8 publications

References 13 publications

Prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of Itezhi-tezhi district in central Zambia

Prevalence of pathogenic trypanosomes in anaemic cattle from trypanosomosis challenged areas of Itezhi-tezhi district in central Zambia

Insights into the Control and Management of Human and Bovine African Trypanosomiasis in Zambia between 2009 and 2019—A Review

Epidemiological investigation of bovine trypanosomosis in Bedele district, Buno Bedele zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia

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