Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern is decreasing in Colombia among the youngest and the wealthiest: results of two representative national surveys

Abstract

BackgroundA common recommendation is to reduce the consumption of snack food and replace this consumption with nutrient-dense foods. The objective was to assess whether in Colombian children and adults there were changes in the consumption of the snack dietary pattern (SP) in the 5 years 2010–2015. In addition, this study aimed to establish the relationship between the SP and some biological, socioeconomic, and geographic variables in Colombia, South America.MethodsBased on a Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) applied both in 2010 and 2015 in the national nutritional situation surveys, the adherence to the snack consumption pattern was established through factor analysis. The change in the adherence of consumption to the SP was established for the five-year period [2015 minus 2010], using multiple linear regression models. Crude and adjusted differences were estimated by the following covariables: sex, age, marital status, food security, wealth index, ethnicity, education of the head of the household, area and region. In total, 37,981 subjects were analyzed. In 2010, 10,150 children (5 to 17 years old) and 5145 adults (18 to 64 years old) were included, and in 2015, 13,243 children and 9443 adults.ResultsIn children, the adjusted difference in the adherence to SP was − 0.37 (95% CI: − 0.42, − 0.32). In adults, the adjusted difference in the adherence to SP was − 0.27 (95% CI: − 0.31, − 0.24). In all categories of covariables, consumption decreased, for all p < 0.0001. In children, the decrease in consumption was inversely associated with height-age. The decrease was smaller at the extremes of the BMI distribution, Z < -2 and Z > 2. The decrease in consumption was directly associated with the level of food security in the home and the wealth index. In adults, the decrease in consumption was inversely related to age and was directly related to the level of food security of the household, wealth index, and education level. The BMI decrease was greater in subjects with 18.5–24.9. In subjects with 30+, it was lower than in subjects with 25.0–29.9.ConclusionsIn the 5 years 2010–2015, snack consumption is decreasing. The region, the richest subjects, those with adequate BMI, and in households with more educated heads of household, achieved a greater decrease in SP.

Snacking pattern of college students in Saudi Arabia: a cross-sectional study

“…The KMO and Bartlett’s sphericity tests confirmed the sample adequacy for factor analysis (KMO = 0.84 and P < 0.001, respectively). To generate dietary patterns, 27 snack food items were entered into factor analysis (principal component) [ 3 , 23 ]. The 27 items were fruit juices, fruit, vegetables, energy drinks, coffee, tea, soft drinks, chocolate candy bars, cookies, pastries, pudding, ice cream, milk, alternative milk substitutes, chocolate milk drinks, Greek yogurt, regular yogurt, cheese, cereal, sandwiches, granola, pasta, burgers, fries, sausage, pizza, and chips.…”

“…The vast changes in eating patterns included a high intake of fast food, fried food, and energy-dense snacks. Subsequently, the shift in diet and lifestyle has resulted in a high increase in non-communicable diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, among these populations [ 1 – 3 ].…”

Estudios recientes sobre bebidas azucaradas en Colombia: una revisión no sistemática

“…Factores sociodemográficos asociados al consumo de alimentos ultraprocesados en Colombia Ramírez-Vélez et al, 2015 (6) Diferencias demográficas y socioeconómicas asociadas al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en niños y adolescentes Colombianos Herrán et al, 2016 (7) La transición alimentaria y el exceso de peso en adultos evaluados con base en la encuesta de la situación nutricional en Colombia, 2010 Herrán et al, 2020 (8) Cambios alimentarios en Colombia; resultados de dos encuestas nacionales de nutrición, 2010-2015 Herrán et al, 2019 (9) Adherence to a snacking dietary pattern is decreasing in Colombia among the youngest and the wealthiest: Results of two representative national surveys Estudios subnacionales Fajardo-Bonilla et al, 2018 (10) Consumo de bebidas energizantes en una población de escolares de Bogotá, Colombia Ramírez-Vélez et al, 2017 (11) Prevalencia y factores asociados al consumo de bebidas azucaradas en escolares de 9 a 17 años de Bogotá, Colombia: Estudio FUPRECOL Ramírez-Vélez et al, 2015 (12) El consumo regular de bebidas azucaradas incrementa el perfil lipídico-metabólico y los niveles de adiposidad en universitarios de Colombia Deossa et al, 2019 (13) Caracterización del consumo de bebidas en habitantes de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia Cárdenas et al, 2019 (14) Consumo de bebidas azucaradas y con azúcar añadida y su asociación con indicadores antropométricos en jóvenes de Medellín (Colombia) Arciniegas et al, 2017 (15) La transición alimentaria y nutricional en el modelo alimentario de los hogares caleños Campo et al, 2017 (16) Estilos de vida saludables de niños, niñas y adoelscentes Impuestos a bebidas azucaradas Paraje et al, 2018 (17) Asequibilidad de cerveza y bebidas azucaradas para 15 países de América Latina Caro et al, 2017 (18) Sugary drinks taxation, projected consumption and fiscal revenues in Colombia: Evidence from a QUAIDS model Vecino-Ortiz et al, 2018 (19) A tax on sugar sweetened beverages in Colombia: Estimating the impact on overweight and obesity prevalence across socio economic levels…”

Most meal and snack patterns are stable over a 3‐year period in schoolchildren in southern Brazil

“…The stability of overall dietary patterns in children and adolescents has also been identified (Appannah et al, 2018;Leal et al, 2017;Gasser et al, 2017;Grulichová et al, 2020;Herran et al, 2019;Luque et al, 2018;Northstone et al, 2013;Oellingrath et al, 2011;Pitt et al, 2018). A study carried out in the Czech Republic using FA reported the stability of two overall dietary patterns, labelled 'Prudent' and 'Junk food', in children and adolescents aged 7, 11 and 15 years (Grulichová et al, 2020).…”