Adherence and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium avium
,Mycobacterium intracellulare
 and Mycobacterium abscessus
 to household plumbing materials

Mullis, S.N.; Falkinham, Joseph O.

doi:10.1111/jam.12272

Cited by 83 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Also our biofilm samples did not yield any MAH isolates, which was rather surprising because growth of Myco. avium in biofilms has been shown before (Mullis and Falkinham 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Abundance of Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in soil and dust in Germany - implications for the infection route

Lahiri

Kneisel

Kloster

et al. 2014

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Significance and Impact of the Study: This study was conducted to investigate the ecological abundance of the most prominent clinical nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in Germany, the Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis (MAH). Examination of soil, water, dust and biofilm samples revealed that MAH in Germany was predominant in soil and dust. No MAH was identified in water and biofilms. Our finding contributes to the identification of the environmental niche of this opportunistic pathogen and proposes soil and dust as sources of MAH infection in Germany. AbstractThe nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a heterogeneous group of bacteria found in soil, water and dust. The spread of NTM infection depends on the exposure to reservoirs with high proportions of mycobacteria, the virulence of the NTM strains, the enhanced sensitivity to infections such as those of immune-compromised hosts and patient risk factors such as Cystic Fibrosis. Since several decades, NTM lung disease has been increasingly observed in slender postmenopausal women. The most important NTM in Germany is Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis (MAH). The routes of MAH infection are in almost all cases unknown, but water is often suspected as source of infection. We wanted to examine this hypothesis by determining the frequency of MAH in environmental samples of water, biofilms, soil and dust originating from Germany. We found MAH in 33% of the dust samples and 20% of the soil samples. No MAH could be isolated from water and biofilm. Dust and soil clearly presented more abundance of MAH in comparison with water and biofilms. Therefore, more attention should be paid to soil and dust in Germany as an important source of Myco. avium infections. IntroductionNTM are natural inhabitants of soil and water. More than 140 species of environmental mycobacteria are known today and at least 40 of them are associated with lung disorders (Griffith 2010). Mycobacterium avium plays a prominent role among NTM and is a clinically important NTM for being causal agent of pulmonary disease in immunecompromised patients, lymphadenitis in small children and disseminated disease in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) (Reuss et al. 2009;Hoefsloot et al. 2013;Thomson et al. 2013). Over the last decades, slender elderly postmenopausal women have been increasingly diagnosed with NTM lung infection (Chan and Iseman 2010;Epson and Winthrop 2012).A study that analysed the hospitalizations associated with pulmonary nontuberculous mycobacterial infections in Germany from 2005 to 2011 found an average annual age-adjusted rate of 0Á91 hospitalizations per 100 000 of population. The hospitalization rates increased during the study period, and the most pronounced average increase of 6Á4% per year was observed among females (Ringshausen et al. 2013 The source of MAH infection remains unknown for most cases. MAH are opportunistic environmental mycobacteria and their reservoirs include drinking water distribution systems, household plumbing, peat rich soils, boreal soil...

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“…Also our biofilm samples did not yield any MAH isolates, which was rather surprising because growth of Myco. avium in biofilms has been shown before (Mullis and Falkinham 2013).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Abundance of Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in soil and dust in Germany - implications for the infection route

Lahiri

Kneisel

Kloster

et al. 2014

Lett Appl Microbiol

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“…This health threat is aggravated by this organism's natural and acquired resistance to multiple antibiotics and disinfectants, as well as by its remarkable ability to survive in stable biofilms in artificial environments, namely domestic and hospital water-distribution systems (Mullis & Falkinham, 2013;Nessar et al, 2012;Wallace et al, 1998). Intensification of research on the genetics, metabolism and lifestyle of this pathogen in natural and man-made environments, as well as during host infection, is therefore mandatory.…”

Section: Missing Links In M Abscessus Trehalose Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The molecular biology of mycobacterial trehalose in the quest for advanced tuberculosis therapies

et al. 2014

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Trehalose is a natural glucose disaccharide identified in the 19th century in fungi and insect cocoons, and later across the three domains of life. In members of the genus Mycobacterium, which includes the tuberculosis (TB) pathogen and over 160 species of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM), many of which are opportunistic pathogens, trehalose has been an important focus of research over the last 60 years. It is a crucial player in the assembly and architecture of the remarkable mycobacterial cell envelope as an element of unique highly antigenic glycolipids, namely trehalose dimycolate ('cord factor'). Free trehalose has been detected in the mycobacterial cytoplasm and occasionally in oligosaccharides with unknown function. TB and NTM infection statistics and death toll, the decline in immune responses in the aging population, human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS or other debilitating conditions, and the proliferation of strains with different levels of resistance to the dated drugs in use, all merge into a serious public-health threat urging more effective vaccines, efficient diagnostic tools and new drugs. This review deals with the latest findings on mycobacterial trehalose biosynthesis, catabolism, processing and recycling, as well with the ongoing quest for novel trehalose-related mechanisms to be targeted by novel TB therapeutics. In this context, the drug-discovery pipeline has recently included new lead compounds directed toward trehalose-related targets highlighting the potential of these pathways to stem the tide of rising drug resistance.

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“…However, increased exposure to NTM is also a factor as evinced by a study showing that skin test reactivity to purified protein derivative-B (a mixture of antigens from M. intracellulare ) in the 1999–2000 period (~7,400 subjects) was significantly greater than those tested in the 1971–1972 period (~1,500 subjects) (17% vs. 11%, respectively) (7). Greater exposure may be related to enhanced biofilm development on polyvinyl chloride, steel, and polycarbonate surfaces – where there is greater propensity for NTM biofilm formation compared to copper and glass surfaces (8) – and subsequent inhalation of fractured biofilm carried in fine water aerosols such as that seen with high efficiency showerheads, water misters, and hot tub bubble generators (9). In particular, NTM glycopeptidolipids have been linked to enhanced formation of biofilms (10).…”

Section: The Prevalence Of Ntm Lung Disease and Potential Sources Of mentioning

confidence: 99%

Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease

Philley

DeGroote

Honda

et al. 2016

Curr Treat Options Infect Dis

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Opinion Statement Treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial lung disease (NTM-LD) is challenging for several reasons including the relative resistance of NTM to currently available drugs and the difficulty in tolerating prolonged treatment with multiple drugs. Yet-to-be-done, large, multicenter, prospective randomized studies to establish the best regimens will also be arduous because multiple NTM species are known to cause human lung disease, differences in virulence and response to treatment between different species and strains within a species will make randomization more difficult, the need to distinguish relapse from a new infection, and the difficulty in adhering to the prescribed treatment due to intolerance, toxicity, and/or drug-drug interactions, often necessitating modification of therapeutic regimens. Furthermore, the out-of-state resident status of many patients seen at the relatively few centers that care for large number of NTM-LD patients pose logistical issues in monitoring response to treatment. Thus, current treatment regimens for NTM-LD is largely based on small case series, retrospective analyses, and guidelines based on expert opinions. It has been nearly 10 years since the publication of a consensus guideline for the treatment of NTM-LD. This review is a summary of the available evidence on the treatment of the major NTM-LD until more definitive studies and guidelines become available.

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Adherence and biofilm formation of Mycobacterium avium ,Mycobacterium intracellulare and Mycobacterium abscessus to household plumbing materials

Cited by 83 publications

References 26 publications

Abundance of Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in soil and dust in Germany - implications for the infection route

Abundance of Mycobacterium avium ssp. hominissuis in soil and dust in Germany - implications for the infection route

The molecular biology of mycobacterial trehalose in the quest for advanced tuberculosis therapies

Treatment of Non-Tuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease

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