ADHD in Adults and Its Relation with Methamphetamine Use: National Data

Bordoloi, Meelie; Chandrashekar, Geetha; Yarasi, Naveen

doi:10.1007/s40474-019-00174-w

Cited by 6 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similarly, premorbid characteristics such as pre-existing neurodevelopmental disabilities were also common and could account for some aspects of cognitive difficulty in these cohorts (13,19,54). It was notable that 15% of the MApolydrug cohort had diagnoses of ADHD, which is higher than rates in the adult population more broadly and in keeping with previous literature that has suggested rates of ADHD are between 2 and 6 times higher in MA users (55,56). These neurodevelopmental and substance-related factors may well have an interconnected bidirectional relationship, whereby pre-existing cognitive difficulties (i.e., ADHD) may increase likelihood of risk-taking behavior at a young age, including MA use and associated harms, but MA use may also be an indirect way that this group "self-medicates" for ADHD symptomatology (55).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

“…It was notable that 15% of the MApolydrug cohort had diagnoses of ADHD, which is higher than rates in the adult population more broadly and in keeping with previous literature that has suggested rates of ADHD are between 2 and 6 times higher in MA users (55,56). These neurodevelopmental and substance-related factors may well have an interconnected bidirectional relationship, whereby pre-existing cognitive difficulties (i.e., ADHD) may increase likelihood of risk-taking behavior at a young age, including MA use and associated harms, but MA use may also be an indirect way that this group "self-medicates" for ADHD symptomatology (55). From a clinical perspective, these finding highlight the need to consider neurodevelopmental disorders (particularly ADHD) and mental health diagnoses and implement appropriate intervention as part of the treatment process for this group.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Maybe It's Not the Meth: Considering Biopsychosocial Contributors to Cognitive Impairment in Methamphetamine Polydrug Use

et al. 2022

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ObjectiveIn considering the cognitive harms of methamphetamine (MA) use, there is currently a limited appreciation of the profile of pre-existing, comorbid, or modifiable risk factors for cognitive impairment in individuals with MA-polydrug use who present to clinical services. This is in contrast to the well-recognized evidence in alcohol use groups. The aim of this study was to investigate the biopsychosocial and neuropsychological profiles of MA-polysubstance using individuals reporting cognitive impairment in comparison to an alcohol-using group.MethodsA retrospective file audit was undertaken of individuals who presented for assessment to a specialist addiction neuropsychology service and reported either more than 1 year of heavy MA use as part of a polydrug use history (n = 40) or having only used alcohol (n = 27). Clinical histories including demographic, medical, mental health, substance use, and neuropsychological assessment results were extracted from medical records. Between group comparisons were conducted to explore differences in the MA-polydrug vs. the alcohol group.ResultsIndividuals in the MA-polydrug group were significantly younger, commenced substance use at an earlier age, were more likely to have an offending history, and experienced an overdose than those in the alcohol group. No differences in comorbid neurodevelopmental, psychiatric or acquired brain injury diagnoses were observed between groups. For neuropsychological functioning, significant group differences were observed in overall IQ, semantic verbal fluency, and psychomotor tracking, where individuals in the alcohol group performed significantly worse.ConclusionsNeuropsychological profiles were largely equivalent between groups across cognitive domains, with minor differences in favor of the MA-polydrug group. Relative to the general population, cognitive functioning was reduced for both groups across a range of domains. High rates of comorbid mental health concerns were common across both groups, however, individuals in the MA-polydrug group presented with a higher risk of overall harm from substance use at a significantly younger age which is a unique concern for this group. These findings highlight the importance of considering the biopsychosocial factors, such as age of first use, emotional distress, indirect substance related harms including overdose and blood born virus infection that may be relevant to experiences of cognitive difficulty in MA-polydrug users.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Maybe It's Not the Meth: Considering Biopsychosocial Contributors to Cognitive Impairment in Methamphetamine Polydrug Use

et al. 2022

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“…HIV-/METH+ participants had a higher ADHD confidence index, than HIV-/METH-participants, a group difference not found using the DIS for DSM-IV, which relies on self-report of symptoms. This discrepancy may underscore the sensitivity of Conners' CPT ADHD confidence index in capturing the elevated rates of ADHD among METH users, noted in previous studies (Bordoloi, Chandrashekar, & Yarasi, 2019) and observed in our HIV-/METH+ group. Further research should aim to replicate these results, which were not significant following Bonferroni correction and thus, should be interpreted with caution.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 52%

Sustained attention and vigilance deficits associated with HIV and a history of methamphetamine dependence

Pocuca

Young

MacQueen

et al. 2020

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated neurocognitive disorders persist in the era of antiretroviral therapy (ART). One factor that is elevated among persons with HIV (PWH) and independently associated with neurocognitive impairment is methamphetamine dependence (METH+). Such dependence may further increase cognitive impairment among PWH, by delaying HIV diagnosis (and thus, ART initiation), which has been posited to account for persistent cognitive impairment among PWH, despite subsequent treatment-related viral load suppression (VLS; <50 copies of the virus per milliliter in plasma or cerebrospinal fluid). This study examined the independent and combined (additive versus synergistic) effects of HIV and history of METH+ on the sustained attention and vigilance cognitive domain, while controlling for VLS. Methods: Participants included 205 (median age=44 years; 77% males; HIV-/METH-n=67; HIV+/METH -n=49; HIV-/METH+ n=36; HIV+/METH+ n=53) individuals enrolled in the Translational Methamphetamine AIDS Research Center, who completed Conners' and the 5-Choice continuous performance tests (CPTs). Results: METH+ participants exhibited deficits in sustained attention and vigilance; however, these effects were not significant after excluding participants who had a positive urine toxicology screen for methamphetamine. Controlling for VLS, PWH did not have worse sustained attention and vigilance, but consistently displayed slower reaction times across blocks, relative to HIV-participants. There was no HIV x METH interaction on sustained attention and vigilance. Conclusions: Recent methamphetamine use among METH+ people and detectable viral loads are detrimental to sustained attention and vigilance. These findings highlight the need for prompt diagnosis of HIV and initiation of ART, and METH use interventions.

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“…Importantly, methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine exist as two enantiomeric forms, dextro (D-) or levo (L-), which produce radically different effects on the CNS [5]. Aside from the potential use disorder from the dopamine response that (meth)amphetamine asserts [5], therapeutic doses of each enantiomer are commonly prescribed for ADHD, narcolepsy, and severe obesity [6,7]. Furthermore, the L-enantiomer is an effective vasoconstrictor used in the over-thecounter formulation of Vicks Vapor Inhaler [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of D- and L- Isomers of (Meth)amphetamine in Human K2EDTA Plasma

Robbins¹,

Perry

Long³

et al. 2022

JBLS

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Methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine are frequently abused drugs. Whether obtained legally or from clandestine laboratories it is of relevance to determine the chiral makeup of these drugs for investigative purpose. Although urine and oral fluid matrices are commonly offered, less available to independent laboratories are techniques to verify dextro (D-) or levo (L-) (meth)amphetamine from human K2EDTA plasma. This paper outlines the development and validation of a method that includes the addition of internal standard and a two-step liquidliquid extraction to remove the analytes from human K2EDTA plasma by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The assay was validated according to the United States Food and Drug Administration and College of American Pathologists guidelines, including assessment of the following parameters in plasma validation samples: linear range, limit of detection, lower limit of quantitation, matrix effects, inter-and intra-day assay precision and accuracy, carry over, linearity of dilution, matrix effects and stability. The outcome is a validated and reliable method for the determination of D-and L-isomer concentration of meth(amphetamine) human plasma samples that can be easily adopted by independent clinical laboratories.

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ADHD in Adults and Its Relation with Methamphetamine Use: National Data

Cited by 6 publications

References 8 publications

Maybe It's Not the Meth: Considering Biopsychosocial Contributors to Cognitive Impairment in Methamphetamine Polydrug Use

Maybe It's Not the Meth: Considering Biopsychosocial Contributors to Cognitive Impairment in Methamphetamine Polydrug Use

Sustained attention and vigilance deficits associated with HIV and a history of methamphetamine dependence

Analysis of D- and L- Isomers of (Meth)amphetamine in Human K2EDTA Plasma

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