ADHD: an integration with pediatric traumatic brain injury

Abstract

This review examines the long-standing finding that ADHD is a common sequela of pediatric traumatic brain injury (PTBI) in light of the current conceptualization of ADHD as a dimensional, neuropsychologically heterogeneous disorder. The review contends that this conceptualization established the basis for concluding that frequently occurring symptoms caused by PTBI, such as slow processing speed, emotional dysregulation and disinhibition, are indicative of ADHD. Consequently, it concludes that ADHD following PTBI is even more common than the 30% rate the current literature suggests. It provides recommendations for the assessment and treatment of ADHD associated with PTBI.

Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and risk of injuries: a systematic review and meta-analysis

“…It has been suggested that traumatic brain injury may also cause ADHD and this should be carefully addressed while investigating the association of ADHD and injuries. 22 , 23 To avoid the reverse causality problem in introducing bias in assessment of the effect of ADHD, we excluded the studies specifically conducted on the association of ADHD and traumatic brain injuries. However, as other studies might also have included brain traumas without a reference to that, we conducted a secondary meta-analysis restricting the studies only to cohort and case control studies at analysis plan 2 in which the direction of association could be interpreted and this confirmed the overall finding of the meta-analysis as in plan 1 conducted on all included studies.…”

Police perceptions of ADHD in youth interviewees

“…Yet these studies' limitations included insufficient power, limited probands, missing values, high drop out rates, insufficient parameter-defining information, restricted age ranges, unreliable records, low participant literacy, inapplicable samples, as well as over reliance on self-report measures and retrospective accounts (Grieger & Hosser, 2012;Gudjonsson et al, 2014;Mordre et al, 2011). Furthermore, research has shown it is the impulsive, inattentive and poor self-control dimensions of ADHD putting them at greatest risk of criminality (Eme, 2012(Eme, , 2013(Eme, , 2014Moffitt, Poulton & Caspi, 2013;Zhou et al, 2014). Researchers have also argued ADHD to be the precipitating factor leading to the trajectory of comorbidity (Beauchaine, Hinshaw, & Pang, 2010;Beauchaine & McNulty, 2013;, and as noted previously it is ADHD that is the most demanding of police resources (Young et al, 2013).…”

“…There is no doubt ADHD and comorbidity is a complex association (Vogel, 2014) but the functional deficits associated with ADHD regardless of comorbidity should not be ignored. So consequential are the deficits that researchers have proposed courts rule ADHD a mitigating factor in criminal hearings (Eme, 2012(Eme, , 2013(Eme, , 2014Pope, Luna, & Thomas, 2012).…”

Traumatic Brain Injury, Sleep Disorders, and Psychiatric Disorders: An Underrecognized Relationship

“…Several studies have reported specific risk factors, including pre-existing psychiatric and behavioral problems to increase the likelihood to sustain a traumatic brain injury in the pediatric population ( Table 1 ). For instance, recent studies have shown that attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), aggression, psychiatric prescription medication use, and use of mental health services increase the risk of TBI [ 1 , 2 ]. These factors have been ascertained by both prospective and retrospective analysis.…”

“…These factors have been ascertained by both prospective and retrospective analysis. The results of these findings highlight some overlap, but also identify some discrepancy in risk factors, leading one to question the influence of recall bias, influence of etiology of TBI or other contributing factors to these differences ( Table 2 ) [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”