Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Kadjangaba, Edith; Bongo, Djimako; Bandoumel, Mekila Le

doi:10.4236/ojmh.2023.131001

OJMH

2023

DOI: 10.4236/ojmh.2023.131001

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Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Edith Kadjangaba¹,

Djimako Bongo²,

Mekila Le Bandoumel³

Abstract: Our objective is to evaluate adequacy of water for consumption and irrigation. We collected nineteen water samples from 21 to 26, May 2017. Twenty-two physico-chemical and bacteriological parameters were taken into account, electrical conductivity, pH, total hardness, bicarbonate, nitrates, sulfates, chlorides, calcium, sodium, magnesium, potassium, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, total coliforms,

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2024

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“…;Abderamane et al 2016; Ndoye et al2018;Bon et al 2021;Kadjangaba et al 2022; WHO 2022;Alogayell et al 2023;Hasan and Rai 2023;Patel et al 2023;Jarray et al 2023) have been used to assess water quality.The quality of water intended for human consumption and domestic use has been evaluated based on the standards set by the World Health Organization (WHO 2022). The results (Tab.1)…”

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Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

ARRAKHAIS,

Hamit,

Fontaine

et al. 2024

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The present study focuses on the hydrogeological system of the Batha basin (Chad). This area is symptomatic of the functioning of an endoreic basin in an arid to semi-arid climate, of its water storage capacity related with the climatic fluctuations, and of the problems associated with assessing resources in this Sahelian zone. This basin forms the eastern part of the Lake Chad basin, which extends over 2.38 Mkm2. It is a vast sedimentary basin, filled by detrital and fluvial-lacustrine deposits of Eocene (Continental Terminal) to Quaternary age, and bordered by Precambrian crystalline formations. The study aims to assess the aquifer potential of the groundwater system and its dynamics using a combined geology-hydrogeology-hydrochemistry approach. The lithology defined an heterogeneous and multi-layered system. The piezometric map reveals the dynamics of the general groundwater flow direction SE-NW, suggesting the interconnection of the different parts of the aquifer system. Based on the concentrations of major ions in solution, the hydrochemical results have identified four main types of facies: calcium bicarbonate (dominant), sodium bicarbonate, sulphate-sodium and mixed. The mineralization of these facies appears to be essentially controlled by water-rock interaction and to a lesser extent by base exchange and evaporation process. Calculations of saturation indices indicate that these waters are close to equilibrium with the calcite-Mg phases, gaylussite and gypsum. Nevertheless, given the low and medium ionic contents, it appears that the groundwater in the Batha basin is moderately evolved. On the other hand, stable isotope analyses (δ2H and δ18O) of groundwaters show the existence of three compositional groups corresponding to: (A) ancient water disconnected from current meteoric influences, (B) mixtures of current meteoric water and older water affected by evaporation during infiltration, (C) mixtures of current and ancient meteoric water more impacted by the evaporation process. In addition, tritium (3H) analysis of these waters shows the existence of three composition groups corresponding to current rainwater, modern water and post-modern water. Taken together, these results show that the hydrogeochemical differentiations obtained from both ionic and isotopic analyses cannot be strictly associated with the different aquifers (Quaternary, Pliocene, CT and basement). This confirms the interconnection of the Batha system and suggests that the heterogeneity observed is mostly controlled by lithological and climatic variations.

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Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

ARRAKHAIS,

Hamit,

Fontaine

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Adequacy of Water Use Resources for Drinking and Irrigation, Study Case of Sarh City, Capital of Moyen-Chari Province, CHAD

Cited by 1 publication

References 24 publications

Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

Groundwater assessment in endorheic basins at the transition arid-semi-arid climates in Africa- A case study of the Batha aquifer system, NE Chad

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