Adequacy of Usual Vitamin and Mineral Intake in Spanish Children and Adolescents: ENALIA Study

López-Sobaler, Ana M.; Aparicio, Aránzazu; González-Rodríguez, Liliana G.; Cuadrado-Soto, Esther; Rubio, Josefa; Marcos, Victoria; Sanchidrián, Rosa; Santos, Sara; Pérez-Farinós, Napoleón; Re, Marian Ángeles Dal; Villar, Carmen; Robledo, Teresa; Castrodeza, J.; Ortega, Rosa M.

doi:10.3390/nu9020131

Cited by 66 publications

(152 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…It must be emphasised that the present study assessed low intakes and not deficiencies; therefore, clinically relevant assessments cannot be made. A substantial portion of adolescents had usual intakes below the EAR also for vitamins A and C. While the adequacy in the intake of those two vitamins has been reported from several European studies (6,7) , data from the current analysis are comparable with the percentages reported for children and adolescents in the USA (33) . Vitamin A is required in a wide array of physiologic processes, including vision, immune function, cell differentiation, intercellular communication and reproduction (34) .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents

Mitsopoulou

Magriplis

Dimakopoulos

et al. 2020

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To assess the usual dietary intake of twenty micronutrients and to identify their food sources in a representative sample of Greek children and adolescents. Design: Cross-sectional data from the Hellenic National Nutrition and Health Survey (HNNHS). Vitamin and mineral intakes were estimated from two 24 h dietary recalls by sex and age groups. Estimates were calculated using the National Research Council method and the statistical software package Stata13 to account for within- and between-person variations. The prevalence of nutrients’ inadequacy among sample was estimated using the estimated average requirement (EAR) cut-point method. The contribution of food groups to nutrient intake was estimated to identify micronutrients food sources. Setting: Greece. Participants: Children and adolescents aged 1–19 years (n 577) who provided sufficient and plausible 24-h recalls. Results: A substantial percentage of children and adolescents had insufficient intakes of numerous micronutrients. Usual intake of vitamins D, K and potassium was inadequate in practically all individuals. Vitamin A, folate, Ca and Mg were also insufficient to a considerable percentage, especially in girls aged 14–18 years. Pantothenic acid was highlighted as nutrient of interest since only one out of ten boys 9–13 years and girls 14–19 years had intake above the EAR. Data demonstrated that food groups highly ranked in energy contribution were not necessarily important sources of micronutrients. Conclusions: Results suggest that micronutrient density of Greek children and adolescents’ diet should be improved. These findings might be used by public health policy-makers to help young people optimise their food choices in Greece.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 80%

Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents

Mitsopoulou

Magriplis

Dimakopoulos

et al. 2020

Public Health Nutr.

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“…Nutrient intakes and compliance with dietary reference intakes are varied among European countries. For example, in Spanish children aged 4-8 years, 42.9% girls were below the lower limit of the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) for carbohydrate, and intakes of vitamin D, vitamin E, folate and calcium were below recommendations for both genders [7,8]. The situation of nutrient intake in young children in Asia is quite different from western countries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study

et al. 2020

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Dairy foods are under-consumed among Chinese children. We modeled the impact of increased dairy consumption on nutrient inadequacy and assessed whether the consumption of formulated milk powder for children ≥3 years (FMP3+) is useful for reducing nutrient gaps. Data from 3–8-year-old children, with completed socio-demographic and dietary measurements from the China Health and Nutrition Survey 2015, were used (n = 1122). Dietary intakes were modeled in two scenarios: Scenario 1 added FMP3+ or cow’s milk to reported diet to reach recommended dairy intakes; Scenario 2 replaced the currently consumed milk with an equal volume of FMP3+. Reported nutrient intakes were compared with each model. Only 32.5% of children consumed dairy products; the average intake amount in total was 48.6 g/day. Most children (97.6%) did not meet dairy intake recommendation. Inadequate nutrient intakes were observed for calcium, potassium, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin C and selenium. In Scenario 1, both FMP3+ and cow’s milk improved the intake of all analyzed nutrients. In Scenario 2, FMP3+ substitution increased the intake of most nutrients, and reduced the proportion of children with an inadequate intake of vitamin C, thiamin, vitamin A, iron, zinc and potassium. Thus, increasing dairy consumption would reduce nutrient gaps, and FMP3+ is a good food source to help children meet nutrient requirements.

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“…49,50 Iron. In most of the dietary surveys reviewed, the prevalence of iron intake above the UL was low or zero for children 21,35,37,61,63,64 and adults, 34,49,54,55,62 with most iron coming from food, including fortified products, such as RTECs. Iron intakes above the UL were observed among supplement users in several countries, ranging from 7% among lactating women in China 65 and U.S. women 66 to ∼14% among Hawaiian men 67 and Mexican women.…”

Section: Burden Of Excessive Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Zinc. Numerous studies (but not all 64,71 ) have reported zinc intakes above the UL, particularly among young children, with many reported prevalences greater than 40%. 21,[34][35][36][37]61,64,71,72 In contrast, among adults, the prevalence of excessive zinc intakes from food appears to be low.…”

Section: Burden Of Excessive Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Numerous studies (but not all 64,71 ) have reported zinc intakes above the UL, particularly among young children, with many reported prevalences greater than 40%. 21,[34][35][36][37]61,64,71,72 In contrast, among adults, the prevalence of excessive zinc intakes from food appears to be low. 34,[49][50][51]53,55,62,[65][66][67] However, prevalences of 7-13% have been observed among adult supplement users in the United States.…”

Section: Burden Of Excessive Intakesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Weighing the risks of high intakes of selected micronutrients compared with the risks of deficiencies

Engle‐Stone

Vosti

Luo

et al. 2019

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Several intervention strategies are available to reduce micronutrient deficiencies, but uncoordinated implementation of multiple interventions may result in excessive intakes. We reviewed relevant data collection instruments and available information on excessive intakes for selected micronutrients and considered possible approaches for weighing competing risks of intake above tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) versus insufficient intakes at the population level. In general, population‐based surveys in low‐ and middle‐income countries suggest that dietary intakes greater than the UL are uncommon, but simulations indicate that fortification and supplementation programs could lead to high intakes under certain scenarios. The risk of excessive intakes can be reduced by considering baseline information on dietary intakes and voluntary supplement use and continuously monitoring program coverage. We describe a framework for comparing risks of micronutrient deficiency and excess, recognizing that critical information for judging these risks is often unavailable. We recommend (1) assessing total dietary intakes and nutritional status; (2) incorporating rapid screening tools for routine monitoring and surveillance; (3) addressing critical research needs, including evaluations of the current ULs, improving biomarkers of excess, and developing methods for predicting and comparing risks and benefits; and (4) ensuring that relevant information is used in decision‐making processes.

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Adequacy of Usual Vitamin and Mineral Intake in Spanish Children and Adolescents: ENALIA Study

Cited by 66 publications

References 68 publications

Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents

Micronutrient intakes and their food sources among Greek children and adolescents

Dairy Intake Would Reduce Nutrient Gaps in Chinese Young Children Aged 3–8 Years: A Modelling Study

Weighing the risks of high intakes of selected micronutrients compared with the risks of deficiencies

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