Adequacy of frequency reserves for high wind power generation

Abstract

Comments to Author : （1）This paper illustrates that power forecasts for different time scales as well as available wind power in real-time are modeled for future European wind power scenarios of 2020 and 2030. The reviewer suggests that the authors provide more details on the theoretical derivation. For example, the explanation of Figs. 5 and 7 need to be improved. The reviewer also suggests the authors include more simulation results in the Section of System Studies. For example, compare the performance of the proposed technique with the existing work.(2) Reducing the power output of wind farm will certainly decrease the economic benefit of wind farms. The corcerned discussion will be welcome.Authors sincerely thanks the editor for the feedback. Based on the feedback following changes are made:1) More theoretical derivations are included. Figure 5 and 7 are simplified for better understanding and explained in a lucid manner.2) Performance of the algorithm is compared with one of the existing methodology in the literature. This existing methodology is also discussed.3) More literature that is relevant are added. One of the existing methodology is discussed in details and performance of the algorithm is compared with this methodology.4) This paper is concerned on volume of reserve required and not on sources of reserves. Reserves can be provided from any kind of generation sources and not necessarily wind power plants. A discussion is included in this regard in the paper.Reviewer: 1Comments to the Author This paper illustrates that power forecasts for different time scales as well as available wind power in real-time are modeled for future European wind power scenarios of 2020 and 2030. The reviewer suggests that the authors provide more details on the theoretical derivation. For example, the explanation of Figs. 5 and 7 need to be improved. The reviewer also suggests the authors include more simulation results in the Section of System Studies. For example, compare the performance of the proposed technique with the existing work Authors sincerely thanks the reviewer for the review. Based on the review following changes are made: 1) More theoretical derivations are included. Figure 5 and 7 are simplified for better understanding and explained in a lucid manner.2) Performance of the algorithm is compared with one of the existing methodology in the literature. This existing methodology is also discussed. Page 1 of 34IET Review Copy Only IET Renewable Power GenerationThis article has been accepted for publication in a future issue of this journal, but has not been fully edited. Content may change prior to final publication in an issue of the journal. To cite the paper please use the doi provided on the Digital Library page. Reviewer: 2Comments to the Author This paper researchs the reserve capacity estimation of wind farms to handle the wind power forecast error. The paper is well written and the topic is very meaningful. However, I have the following comments that may help improve this manuscript. 1) Are there any l...

Using time series simulation tools for assessing the effects of variable renewable energy generation on power and energy systems

“…From these results, it can be observed that although imbalance due to wind power forecast error is foreseen to be low in 2020, it can be expected to be quite high in the 2030 scenario. However, these imbalances can be substantially reduced by increasing the volume of secondary reserves or FRR (Das, Litong‐Palima, et al, ). Volume of secondary reserves is represented as percentage of recommended secondary reserves.…”

“…VRE generation time series for future scenarios can be generated using stochastic time series simulation (Ekström, Koivisto, Mellin, Millar, & Lehtonen, ; Klöckl & Papaefthymiou, ; Koivisto et al, ), or meteorological reanalysis techniques (i.e., using historical weather data) (González‐Aparicio et al, ; Marinelli et al, ; Nuño et al, ; Staffell & Pfenninger, ). Such VRE generation simulation tools can be used, for example, in the estimation of adequacy of reserves in power systems (Das et al, ), in stability analyses (Flynn et al, ), in long‐term transmission system planning (Marinelli et al, ), and in electricity market studies (Traber, Koduvere, & Koivisto, ). These modeling approaches will be presented in Section 2.…”

Operational planning of large-scale energy systems with high share of renewable generation

“…Maintaining a stable and secure operation in the electricity system with large share of VRE can be very challenging for the power system operators. Major challenges involved in operational planning are estimation of operational reserves [3], or determining the ramp requirements and flexibility for the generators. This information is then used to mitigate the impact of variability in the electric power systems.…”

Inertia Dependent Droop Based Frequency Containment Process

“…FCR are automatic and expensive reserves activated within seconds following a power imbalance, while FRR and RR are activated within longer time frame from minutes to an hour. The responsibility of FCR is to restrict the sudden rise/decline of frequency, while FRR and RR are activated to release FCR as well as to bring the frequency back to its nominal value [4,5]. A fast release of FCR gives to the power system the ability to handle new possible consecutive power imbalances.…”

“…Traditionally volume of FCR is quantified based on n-1 security criterion [9]. A methodology is proposed in [5] to quantify volume of FCR and FRR for future power systems with high penetration of wind power to handle wind power forecast error. Availability of FCR volume is a necessary but not sufficient condition to prevent frequency instability.…”