Adenovirus Ascending Cholangiohepatitis

In 1996, a disease outbreak occurred at a captive breeding facility in Idaho, causing anorexia, dehydration, and diarrhea or sudden death in 72 of 110 Northern aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis septentrionalis) from 9 to 35 days of age and in 6 of 102 peregrine falcons (Falco peregrinus) from 14 to 25 days of age. Sixty-two Northern aplomado and six peregrine falcons died. Epidemiologic analyses indicated a point source epizootic, horizontal transmission, and increased relative risk associated with cross-species brooding of eggs. Primary lesions in affected birds were inclusion body hepatitis, splenomegaly, and enteritis. The etiology in all mortalities was determined by molecular analyses to be a new species of adenovirus distantly related to the group I avian viruses, serotypes 1 and 4, Aviadenovirus. In situ hybridization and PCR demonstrated that the virus was epitheliotropic and lymphotropic and that infection was systemic in the majority of animals. Adenoassociated virus was also detected by PCR in most affected falcons, but no other infectious agents or predisposing factors were found in any birds. Subsequent to the 1996 epizootic, a similar disease caused by the same adenovirus was found over a 5-year period in orange-breasted falcons (Falco deiroleucus), teita falcons (Falco fasciinucha), a merlin (Falco columbarius), a Vanuatu peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus nesiotes), and gyrfalcon ؋ peregrine falcon hybrids (Falco rusticolus/peregrinus) that died in Wyoming, Oklahoma, Minnesota, and California. These findings indicate that this newly recognized adenovirus is widespread in western and midwestern North America and can be a primary pathogen in different falcon species.

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“…Asterisks indicate conserved residues. very uncommon (4,56). In birds, it has been described only in quail infected with FAV-1 (23).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a New Species of Adenovirus in Falcons

et al. 2005

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“…Other rarer types of cholangitis have been described in OLT patients and in patients undergoing aggressive immunosuppression. These include adenovirus ascending cholangitis and C parvumassociated sclerosing cholangitis (74,75).…”

Section: Cholangitis In Liver Transplant Recipientsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biliary Infections: Spectrum of Imaging Findings and Management

Catalano¹,

Sahani²,

Forcione³

et al. 2009

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106

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Infectious cholangitides encompass a wide spectrum of infectious processes affecting the biliary tree. They can have protean clinical and imaging appearances. Some manifest as an acute medical emergency with high mortality if not properly and emergently managed. Others are chronic processes that may predispose a patient to liver failure or cholangiocarcinoma. The clinical and imaging features and the subsequent therapy are dictated by the pathogens involved, the immune status of the host, and the degree and distribution of biliary obstruction. Bacteria cause most cases of infectious cholangitis in Western countries. In other parts of the world, parasites play an important role, either as causative agents or in predisposing the host to bacterial superinfection. Viral cholangitides primarily affect immunocompromised patients. The clinical and imaging features of cholangitis differ between immunocompetent and immunocompromised patients. Imaging plays a pivotal role in diagnosis of infectious cholangitis, helps identify predisposing causes, and demonstrates complications. Moreover, interventional radiology provides tools to treat acute life-threatening biliary infections, chronic entities, and complications.

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“…Some of these viruses have been reported to cause diseases in liver recipients, but it has not been elucidated if they had been transmitted through the graft. Adenovirus causes respiratory tract, intestinal tract and bladder infections and also hepatitis in transplant recipients [115,116]. The virus is particularly important in pediatric transplantation and can cause fatal graft failure [117,118].…”

Section: Candidatesmentioning

confidence: 99%