Adenovirus 2,Bordetella bronchiseptica, and Parainfluenza Molecular Diagnostic Assay Results in Puppies After vaccination with Modified Live Vaccines

Abstract

BackgroundCanine adenovirus 2, parainfluenza, and Bordetella bronchiseptica cause respiratory disease in dogs, and each has a modified live intranasal vaccine available. Molecular diagnostic assays to amplify specific nucleic acids are available for each of these agents. If positive molecular diagnostic assay results are common after vaccination, the positive predictive value of the diagnostic assays for disease would be decreased.ObjectiveTo determine the impact of administration of commercially available modified live topical adenovirus 2, B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza vaccine has on the results of a commercially available PCR panel.AnimalsEight puppies from a research breeding facility negative for these pathogens.MethodsBlinded prospective pilot study. Puppies were vaccinated with a single dose of modified live topical adenovirus 2, B. bronchiseptica, and parainfluenza and parenteral dose of adenovirus 2, canine distemper virus, and parvovirus. Nasal and pharyngeal swabs were collected on multiple days and submitted for PCR assay.ResultsNucleic acids of all 3 organisms contained in the topical vaccine were detected from both samples multiple times through 28 days after vaccination with higher numbers of positive samples detected between days 3 and 10 after vaccination.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceVaccine status should be considered when interpreting respiratory agent PCR results if modified live vaccines have been used. Development of quantitative PCR and wild‐type sequencing are necessary to improve positive predictive value of these assays by distinguishing vaccinate from natural infection.

Canine infectious respiratory disease: New insights into the etiology and epidemiology of associated pathogens

“…Our assumption is supported by other studies showing that Bordetella pertussis persisted on inanimate surfaces for 3–5 days, influenza virus for 1–2 days and adenovirus for 7 days [40] [41] [42,43]. Tubercle bacilli was isolated from cadavers within 24 hours post-mortem [44], and viable human immunodeficiency virus was recovered from patients at autopsy 6 to 16 days after death [45, 46]. Furthermore, the pathogens surveyed in our study are routinely detected from nasal swabs collected during necropsy from dogs diagnosed with respiratory disease in our diagnostic laboratory.…”

“…This assumption is based on findings from a previous study showing that PCR assays may detect vaccine content within 28 days after vaccination with modified live vaccines against CAV, B . bronchiseptica and CPIV [45]. Since the time between vaccination and the onset of clinical CIRD was not documented in our submission forms, we cannot say with certainty whether positive PCR results corresponded to field or vaccine strains.…”

Detection of specific bacterial agents by quantitative PCR assays in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of dogs with eosinophilic bronchopneumopathy vs. dogs with chronic bronchitis and healthy dogs

“…However, among dogs with known vaccination status, the number of vaccinated dogs was not different among the three groups (data not shown). In puppies vaccinated with a single dose of modified live intranasal vaccine, Bb was detected by qualitative PCR during 1 month after vaccination (Ruch-Gallie et al, 2016). To our knowledge, the impact of previous vaccination on qPCR performed on BALF has not been investigated.…”

Antimicrobial use Guidelines for Treatment of Respiratory Tract Disease in Dogs and Cats: Antimicrobial Guidelines Working Group of the International Society for Companion Animal Infectious Diseases

“…(or M. cynos alone) can be performed. However, each of these organisms can be grown or detected by molecular methods from healthy and diseased dogs and vaccine strains of the organisms can be amplified by molecular diagnostic assays . Molecular assays might also be of limited sensitivity by the time dogs are presented for examination because viral shedding rates tend to peak very early in disease.…”