Adenosine triphosphate-magnesium dichloride during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia: Effects on hepatosplanchnic oxygen exchange and metabolism*

Abstract

During long-term hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia, ATP-MgCl2 normalized the otherwise progressive rise of the ileal mucosal-arterial Delta PCO2. Furthermore, it allowed blunting of the continuous decrease in hepatic lactate clearance, thus preserving the metabolic coupling between lactate release from the intestine and lactate utilization by the liver.

Ethyl pyruvate improves systemic and hepatosplanchnic hemodynamics and prevents lipid peroxidation in a porcine model of resuscitated hyperdynamic endotoxemia*

“…The two groups received similar infusion rates of endotoxin (controls 21 [10,39], EP 16 [10,30] ng·kg Ϫ1 ·min Ϫ1 ) and hydroxyethyl starch (controls 23 [18,30], EP 21 [15,25] mL·kg Ϫ1 ·hr Ϫ1 ). Ascites production was identical in the two groups (controls 11 [6,20], EP 11 [7,15] mL·kg Ϫ1 ·h Ϫ1 ).…”

Mechanisms of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibition-related improvement of gut mucosal acidosis during hyperdynamic porcine endotoxemia

“…Anesthesia and surgery were performed as described in detail previously [7,8]. An ileal segment was opened along its anti-mesenteric border and the edges fixed at the skin with the mucosal surface facing upward to build a double-lumen ileal stoma.…”

“…The abdomen was closed and the ileal stoma covered by a bag to prevent heat and fluid loss. A fiberoptic sensor to monitor the mucosal PCO 2 (Paratrend 7, Biomedical Sensors, High Wycombe, UK), a Cytoscan camera (Cytometrics, Philadelphia, PA) for video records of the mucosal microcirculation [4,8] and a sensor (O 2 C, LEA Medizintechnik, Gießen, Germany) for simultaneous measurement of the microvascular blood flow and hemoglobin oxygen (O 2 ) saturation were placed.…”

“…Systemic and regional hemodynamic and gas exchange parameters and the ileal mucosal PCO 2 were determined as described previously [7,8] to calculate O 2 exchange data, the portal venous-arterial carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) content difference and the ileal mucosalarterial PCO 2 gap [7,8]. Expiratory nitric oxide (NO) and arterial and portal venous nitrite + nitrate (NO 2 + NO 3 ) concentrations [7,9] were assessed to estimate NO production.…”

“…The ileal villous microcirculation was evaluated with orthogonal polarization spectrovideometry (OPS) imaging. Images of five random locations of the ileum mucosa were videotaped for 45 s. All villi were counted and classified as perfused or unperfused [4,8] by an investigator blinded to the experimental group. The ileal microcirculation was additionally evaluated with a sensor combining remission spectrophotometry and laser Doppler flowmetry (LDF) for the measurement of microvascular hemoglobin O 2 saturation (µHbO 2 ) and blood flow.…”