Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland

Martin, Niamh A.; González, Gabriel; Reynolds, Liam J.; Bennett, Charlene; Campbell, Christine; Nolan, Tristan M.; Byrne, Alannah; Fennema, Sanne; Holohan, Niamh; Kuntamukkula, Sailusha Ratnam; Sarwar, Natasha; Sala-Comorera, Laura; Dean, Jonathan; Urtasun-Elizari, Jose Maria; Hare, Daniel; Liddy, Emer; Joyce, Eadaoin; Cuddihy, John; McIntyre, Angeline M.; Robinson, Eve P; Dahly, Darren; Fletcher, Nicola F.; Cotter, Suzanne; Fitzpatrick, Emer; Carr, Michael J.; Gascun, Cillian F. De; Meijer, Wim G.

doi:10.3201/eid2904.221878

Cited by 14 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(38 reference statements)

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“…These limitations make estimating disease occurrence (incidence or prevalence) in the sewersheds of the WWTPs from positivity rate data difficult. Martin et al ( 28 ) and Reyne et al ( 29 ) reported that concentrations of HAdV F41 in wastewater influent in Ireland correlated with laboratory confirmed adenovirus F41 infections. Huang et al ( 30 ) summarized studies relating HuNoV in wastewater influent and primary effluent to measures of disease occurrence, and Boehm et al ( 7 ) reported similar correlations between HuNoV GII in solids to positivity rates using different data.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective longitudinal study of adenovirus group F, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and enterovirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at two wastewater treatment plants: solid-liquid partitioning and relation to clinical testing data

Boehm,

Shelden,

Duong

et al. 2024

mSphere

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Enteric infections are important causes of morbidity and mortality, yet clinical surveillance is limited. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used to study community circulation of individual enteric viruses and panels of respiratory diseases, but there is limited work studying the concurrent circulation of a suite of important enteric viruses. A retrospective WBE study was carried out at two wastewater treatment plants located in California, United States. Using digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR), we measured concentrations of human adenovirus group F, enteroviruses, norovirus genogroups I and II, and rotavirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids two times per week for 26 months ( n = 459 samples) between February 2021 and mid-April 2023. A novel probe-based PCR assay was developed and validated for adenovirus. We compared viral nucleic acid concentrations to positivity rates for viral infections from clinical specimens submitted to a local clinical laboratory to assess concordance between the data sets. We detected all viral targets in wastewater solids. At both wastewater treatment plants, human adenovirus group F and norovirus GII nucleic acids were detected at the highest concentrations (median concentrations greater than 10 5 copies/g), while rotavirus RNA was detected at the lowest concentrations (median on the order of 10 3 copies/g). Rotavirus, adenovirus group F, and norovirus nucleic acid concentrations were positively associated with clinical specimen positivity rates. Concentrations of tested viral nucleic acids exhibited complex associations with SARS-CoV-2 and other respiratory viral nucleic acids in wastewater, suggesting divergent transmission patterns. IMPORTANCE This study provides evidence for the use of wastewater solids for the sensitive detection of enteric virus targets in wastewater-based epidemiology programs aimed to better understand the spread of enteric disease at a localized, community level without limitations associated with testing many individuals. Wastewater data can inform clinical, public health, and individual decision-making aimed to reduce the transmission of enteric disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A retrospective longitudinal study of adenovirus group F, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and enterovirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at two wastewater treatment plants: solid-liquid partitioning and relation to clinical testing data

Boehm,

Shelden,

Duong

et al. 2024

mSphere

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“…The predominance of human mastadenovirus F40 and F41 corroborated with other studies, revealing the predominance of these types circulating in clinical samples in Brazil [ 93 , 94 , 95 ]. Recently, the F41 serotype was detected in wastewater samples in Ireland [ 96 ], Australia [ 97 ], the UK [ 98 ], and Japan [ 99 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022

Cantelli,

Tavares,

Sarmento

et al. 2024

Viruses

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This study investigated the prevalence and genetic diversity of gastroenteric viruses in mussels and oysters in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. One hundred and thirty-four marketed bivalve samples were obtained between January and December 2022. The viral analysis was performed according to ISO/TS 15216, and the screening revealed the detection of norovirus GII/GI (40.3%), sapovirus (SaV; 12.7%), human mastadenovirus (7.5%), and rotavirus A (RVA; 5.9%). In total, 44.8% (60) of shellfish samples tested positive for one or more viruses, 46.7% (28/60) of the positive samples tested positive for a single viral agent, 26.7% (16) tested positive for two viral agents, 8.3% (5) for three viral agents, and 13.3% (8) for four viral agents. Additionally, three mussel samples were contaminated with the five investigated viruses (5%, 3/60). Norovirus GII showed the highest mean viral load (3.4 × 105 GC/g), followed by SaV (1.4 × 104 GC/g), RVA (1.1 × 104 GC/g), human mastadenovirus (3.9 × 103 GC/g), and norovirus GI (6.7 × 102 GC/g). Molecular characterization revealed that the recovered norovirus strains belonged to genotypes GII.2, GII.6, GII.9, GII.17, and GII.27; SaV belonged to genotypes GI.1 and GIV.1; RVA to genotypes G6, G8, P [8]-III, and human mastadenovirus to types F40 and F41. The GII.27 norovirus characterized in this study is the only strain of this genotype reported in Brazil. This study highlights the dissemination and diversity of gastroenteric viruses present in commercialized bivalves in a touristic area, indicating the potential risk to human health and the contribution of bivalves in the propagation of emerging pathogens.

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“…It was suggested that there is, indeed, an increased incidence of acute, severe hepatitis of unknown origin in children but several factors could trigger it, one of which could be HAdV-F41 and/or AAV-2 [ 189 ]. For example, an increase in HAdV-F41 and AAV-2 occurrences has been observed in wastewater in Northern Ireland, coincident with an increase in severe hepatitis in young children [ 190 , 191 ]. Although there was an increase in HAdV-F41 at the same time as the increase in hepatitis, the levels of other adenoviruses in the wastewater stayed approximately constant [ 190 ].…”

Section: Adenovirus F41 and Acute Severe Childhood Hepatitismentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenicity and virulence of human adenovirus F41: Possible links to severe hepatitis in children

Grand

2023

Virulence

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Over 100 human adenoviruses (HAdVs) have been isolated and allocated to seven species, A-G. Species F comprises two members-HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41. As their primary site of infection is the gastrointestinal tract they have been termed, with species A, enteric adenoviruses. HAdV-F40 and HAdV-F41 are a common cause of gastroenteritis and diarrhoea in children. Partly because of difficulties in propagating the viruses in the laboratory, due to their restrictions on growth in many cell lines, our knowledge of the properties of individual viral proteins is limited. However, the structure of HAdV-F41 has recently been determined by cryo-electron microscopy. The overall structure is similar to those of HAdV-C5 and HAdV-D26 although with some differences. The sequence and arrangement of the hexon hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) and the arrangement of the C-terminal region of protein IX differ. Variations in the penton base and hexon HVR1 may play a role in facilitating infection of intestinal cells by HAdV-F41. A unique feature of HAdV-F40 and F41, among human adenoviruses, is the presence and expression of two fibre genes, giving long and short fibre proteins. This may also contribute to the tropism of these viruses. HAdV-F41 has been linked to a recent outbreak of severe acute hepatitis “of unknown origin” in young children. Further investigation has shown a very high prevalence of adeno-associated virus-2 in the liver and/or plasma of some cohorts of patients. These observations have proved controversial as HAdV-F41 had not been reported to infect the liver and AAV-2 has generally been considered harmless.

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Adeno-Associated Virus 2 and Human Adenovirus F41 in Wastewater during Outbreak of Severe Acute Hepatitis in Children, Ireland

Cited by 14 publications

References 33 publications

A retrospective longitudinal study of adenovirus group F, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and enterovirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at two wastewater treatment plants: solid-liquid partitioning and relation to clinical testing data

A retrospective longitudinal study of adenovirus group F, norovirus GI and GII, rotavirus, and enterovirus nucleic acids in wastewater solids at two wastewater treatment plants: solid-liquid partitioning and relation to clinical testing data

Assessment of Gastroenteric Viruses in Marketed Bivalve Mollusks in the Tourist Cities of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 2022

Pathogenicity and virulence of human adenovirus F41: Possible links to severe hepatitis in children

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