Adeno-Associated Satellite Virus Interference With the Replication of Its Helper Adenovirus

Abstract

Adeno-associated satellite virus type 4 interferes with the replication of its helper adenovirus. No interferon-like soluble substance could be detected in satellite-infected cultures and other DNA- and RNA-containing viruses were not inhibited by coinfection with satellite virus under conditions which reduced adenovirus yields by more than 90% in monkey cells. Altering the concentration of adenovirus in the presence of constant amounts of satellite resulted in a constant degree of interference over a wide range of adenovirus inocula and suggested that adenovirus concentration was not a significant factor in the observed interference. The interference with adenovirus replication was abolished by pretreating satellite preparations with specific antiserum, ultraviolet light or heating at 80°C for 30 min. This suggested that infectious satellite virus mediated the interference. Satellite virus concentration was found to be a determinant of interference and studies indicated that the amount of interference with adenovirus was directly proportional to the concentration of satellite virus. 8 hr after adenovirus infection, the replication of adenovirus was no longer sensitive to satellite interference. This was true even though the satellite virus was enhanced as effectively as if the cells were infected simultaneously with both viruses. Interference with adenovirus infectivity was accompanied by reduced yields of complement-fixing antigen and of virus particles which suggested that satellite virus interfered with the formation and not the function of adenovirus products. When cells were infected either with adenovirus alone or with adenovirus plus satellite, the same proportion of cells plated as adenovirus infectious centers. However, the number of plaque-forming units of adenovirus formed per cell in the satellite-infected cultures was reduced by approximately 90%, the same magnitude of reduction noted in whole cultures coinfected with satellite and adenovirus. This suggested that all cells infected with the two viruses were producing a reduced quantity of adenovirus.

Inside the Lifestyle of the Virophage

“…First, from a biological point of view, Sputnik infection results in a 70% decrease of the Mamavirus cytopathic effect on the amoeba [3] . AAV interference in the replication of its adenovirus helper has previously been observed [15] . However, the formation of some 'diseased' Mamavirus forms in case of co-infection with Sputnik [3] is a phenomenon that has never been described for traditional satellites.…”

Parvovirus Gene Regulation

“…If AAV infection is delayed until Ad DNA replication has started, Ad replication is not detectably affected even though AAV replication is normal (Blacklow et al, 1967;Parks et al, 1968). The temporal nature of the inhibition would suggest two possibilities.…”

Characterization of the Transcription Profile of Adeno-Associated Virus Type 5 Reveals a Number of Unique Features Compared to Previously Characterized Adeno-Associated Viruses

“…AAV2, the prototypical strain, as well as AAV3 and AAV5 have been isolated directly from human clinical specimens (5,12,26). AAV1 and AAV4 have been suggested to be originally of simian origin (5,26). The more distantly related AAV5 was isolated was from a penile flat condylomatous lesion (2), and epidemiologically, AAV5 transmission appears to follow acquisition of herpesviruses rather than adenovirus (12).…”

“…Six different serotypes of AAV (AAV type 1 [AAV1] to AAV6) have been characterized. AAV2, the prototypical strain, as well as AAV3 and AAV5 have been isolated directly from human clinical specimens (5,12,26). AAV1 and AAV4 have been suggested to be originally of simian origin (5,26).…”