Addressing equity in community forestry: lessons from 20 years of implementation in Cameroon

Abstract

A community forestry approach was adopted by Cameroon as a strategy to promote the sustainable management of forests, participation by local communities in forest management, and poverty alleviation. However, results have been moderate and community forestry has largely failed in achieving its initial goals. Our work, based on existing literature, uses the three interrelated dimensions of equity: distributive, procedural, and contextual to highlight the main equity challenges encountered in implementing the community forestry approach over the past 20 years in Cameroon. The main constraints to distributive equity identified include: the absence of clear benefit-sharing mechanisms and rents capture by elites, insecure tenure, and limited use rights of forest resources. Regarding the procedural dimension, we observed an exclusion of vulnerable groups, especially women, and a lack of information flow and transparency in decision-making processes. Finally, for contextual equity, the main constraints are unfair laws and regulations that give more advantages to the state and logging companies than to the local population. Moreover, poor community capacities and high transaction costs in the process of obtaining and exploiting community forests are additional constraints to contextual equity. The authors recommend a few measures to improve community forestry contribution to socioeconomic development, equity in benefit sharing, and sustainable management of forest resources. These include the need: (1) to promote transparency in community forests management with fair and gender-based policies that consider socioeconomic differences existing within and between forest communities; (2) to strengthen local community members financial and technical capacities and increase their representation and participation in decision-making structures; and (3) to set up mechanisms that guarantee existing policies are fully implemented.

Land Use Change and Livelihoods in the Plantation Nouvelle de Ngambe Tikar (Pnnt) Community Forest, Center Region of Cameroon

“…Most land use change is a direct result of people's responses to economic opportunities as mediated by institutional factors [4,5] and the land use changes include changes from forest to farmland which is typically accompanied by deforestation. About 20% of the global population depends on forests for employment, forest products livelihoods and incomes [5][6][7][8]. Moreover, about 83% of the extreme poor living in developing countries depend on forest resources for all or part of their livelihoods [9,8].…”

“…About 20% of the global population depends on forests for employment, forest products livelihoods and incomes [5][6][7][8]. Moreover, about 83% of the extreme poor living in developing countries depend on forest resources for all or part of their livelihoods [9,8]. In Cameroon, the forest sector contributes to about 2.8% of the GDP (US$695.3 million) and provides direct employment to 22,000 people [10,8].…”

“…Moreover, about 83% of the extreme poor living in developing countries depend on forest resources for all or part of their livelihoods [9,8]. In Cameroon, the forest sector contributes to about 2.8% of the GDP (US$695.3 million) and provides direct employment to 22,000 people [10,8]. It is estimated that the number of people employed temporally or permanently in the sector at more than 2,478,880.…”

“…In Cameroon, community forest also aims at providing rural communities with income generating mechanisms for equitable socio-economic development of their communities, therefore alleviating poverty [11][12][13][14]. Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) play a key role in the daily life of millions of people living in the rural areas of Cameroon [8]. The collection and sales of NTFPs constitute an important source of food, cash [15,16,8], and employment for rural dwellers.…”

“…Non-timber forests products (NTFPs) play a key role in the daily life of millions of people living in the rural areas of Cameroon [8]. The collection and sales of NTFPs constitute an important source of food, cash [15,16,8], and employment for rural dwellers. This activity creates at least 283,000 direct and indirect jobs at various levels of the NTFPs value chain [16,8].…”