Additivity of cues in visual pattern discriminations by monkeys.

Jm, Warren

doi:10.1037/h0055613

Cited by 77 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The monkeys in our study and in the Herzog et al study showed greater difficulty in matehing shape/shape choices than color/color choices, thus suggesting that the animals were looking at the sample but that sample duration was too short for complete encoding. Stimulus discriminability has received am ple documentation as a prominent variable in nonhuman primate discrirnination tasks (e.g., Devine, 1970;Draper, 1965;Warren, 1954). Recently, Wilson (1974) argued that stimulus discriminability was an important factor in STM tasks and warned that, despite attempts by experimenters to choose equally discriminable stimuli, some stimulus pairs would be more identifiable than others.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

Devine

Jones

Neville

et al. 1977

Animal Learning & Behavior

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Two experiments were performed to determine the effect of sample duration (0.1, 2, and 4 sec), delay interval (.03, 4, 8, 16, and 32 sec), and type of stimulus (color and shape) on the matehing performance of rhesus monkeys. In Experiment I, the 15 possible delay-duration combinations were randomly presented in blocks of 15 trials. In Experiment 2, each duration was held constant and the five delays randomly presented. Then each delay interval was held constant with the three durations randomly varied. Matching performance increased as sample duration increased (ps< .01 and .005), while length of delay did not significantly affect performance. The type of stimuli paired in the matehing test significantly affected performance (ps< .05 and .10) with the shape/shape choices leading to the poorest performance. Stimulus discriminability and amount of training with brief sampie durations were implicated as significant determinants of matehing performance.In recent years, the delayed matching-to-sample (DMTS) task has been used extensively in nonhuman primate memory research. The wide use of the DMTS task to study animal memory is partially due to the noted similarities in task requirements between it and the short-term memory (STM) paradigm used with humans (e.g., Peterson & Peterson, 1959). Also, the effects of amount of interpolated activity, repetition of the stimulus, and stimulus difficulty in the DMTS tasks are generally similar to the effects of these variables on human STM (Jarrard & Moise, 1971). However, neither the animal DMTS nor the human STM literature has been consistent in reports of the effects of stimulus duration. A major aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between stimulus presentation time and the degree of retention using a DMTS paradigm.The initial task of the subject in a STM experiment most likely involves the perceptual processes of identification or encoding of a stimulus item. Thus, temporal factors in the perceptual stage should strongly influence STM recall accuracy. That is, decreases in stimulus duration should restriet the time for perception and result in poorer recall. Although Aaronson (1967) concluded from her review of the human literature that the time interval between stimuli was more important in STM than stimulus duration per se, her conclusion has not

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

Devine

Jones

Neville

et al. 1977

Animal Learning & Behavior

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“…Thus, the present results help to establish the generality and reliability of Reynolds' findings. Other recent experiments, in which subjects have been trained to respond differentially to |inJ complex stimuli before element tests for stim-I upL _ 10 ulus control, have usually reported that stim-GA WHT DXe NO ulus control existed for multiple elements the right and left (e.g., Fink and Patton, 1953;. Warren, 1953, htraining and the 1954 Johnson and Cumming, 1968).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

STIMULUS CONTROL ACQUIRED BY COMPONENTS OF TWO COLOR‐FORM COMPOUND STIMULI¹

Born

Peterson

1969

J Exper Analysis Behavior

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Four pigeons were trained to respond on one of two keys in the presence of one color-form display, and on the other key when a second color-form display was present. Both responses were maintained on a 2-min variable-internal schedule of reinforcement. Subsequently, stimulus control acquired by components of the compound stimuli was determined by brief test probes in which the colors and forms separately, and in novel combinations, appeared on the display screen. When either color component was present, both choice of response key and response rate were like responding to the training compound display containing that color. When the forms were presented separate from the colors, generally low and comparable rates of responding occurred on both keys. Jenkins (1965) described some of the difficulties associated with identifying the controlling stimulus (stimuli) in discrimination learning. In the typical discrimination setting, the mere fact that an organism responds differently to each of two stimuli is evidence of stimulus control. However, this fact alone cannot be used to assign control to one or both of the stimuli; responding may be regulated by the presence or absence of either one of the stimuli, or each stimiulus may control its separate response class.The problem of assigning stimulus control to one or more components of a complex stimulus is additionally complicated by the increased number of possible outcormes. To One of the major difficulties arising from use of a reinforcement-extinction or "go/no go" procedure in studies of selective attention is that the expected rate of occurrence of responses in the presence of "neutral" stimuli is not clearly different than the expected rate of occurrence of responses in the presence of SA.After typical discrimination training procedures, both an SA and a "neutral" stimulus become the occasion for a very low rate of key pecking. Therefore, under these circumstances, it will usually be difficult to separate an absence of stimulus control from the presence of stimulus control by components of SA. However, by using a two-key chamber, and de-437 1969, 12, 43-7-442 NUMBER 3 (MAY)

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“…Two factors may be invoked in explanation of the observed differences in shuttling activity caused by the presence of the various models. One is that there is an additive effect (Warren, 1953); that is, the more lights presented, the higher the luminosity and the more aversive the situation. Second is that there are ecologically relevant, "meaningful" schemata (Coss, 1978(Coss, , 1979(Coss, , 1991Csanyi, 1985Csanyi, , 1986.…”

Section: Number Of Crossingsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of eye-like schema on shuttling activity of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus): Context-dependent threatening aspects of the eyespot patterns

Topál

Csányi

1994

Animal Learning & Behavior

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The effects offootshock and various light-spot models on the shuttling activity of mice were examined in a passive avoidance situation. It was found that mild footshocks elicited initial exploration followed by an increased tendency to escape from the compartment in which the shocks were administered. An encounter with models, consisting of various numbers of small yellow lights, without footshock did not cause significant differences in shuttling activity. But if the models were paired with footshock, a tendency to explore during the first trial, high readiness to escape, and avoidance learning were found. These were characterized by a temporary increase in number of gate crossings, a decrease in the time spent in the shocked compartment, and a considerable increase in latency to enter the shocked compartment. The most effective model had two horizontally arranged yellow lights, which may share some characteristics with eye-like patterns.Defensive behavior systems are commonly thought to be the product of the influence of extremely strong selection pressure upon not only the form of defense, but also the relationship between defensive behavior and the stimuli or situation that elicits this action (R. J. Blanchard, D. C. Blanchard, & Hori, 1989). In the case of a given species, the functional significance of a pattern of defensive behavior is revealed by an analysis of the interaction between the dynamics of behavior and the ecological system to which the species has adapted. Among the most typical situations activating defensive behavior are predator-prey interactions, when the crucial problem for most species is the effective recognition and avoidance of predators. Both ethology and comparative psychology have, for a long time, demonstrated an intense interest in various defensive behavior patterns, especially this pattern of "recognition and avoidance."A number of recent ethological studies suggest a very precise and apparently adaptive relationship between specific stimuli or situations and the nature of the defensive response of a given species. Many observations have supported the hypothesis that animals can recognize their natural predators and respond to them by species-specific passive or active avoidance behavior, in most cases independently of prior experience (Arnold & Bennett, 1984;

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Additivity of cues in visual pattern discriminations by monkeys.

Cited by 77 publications

References 12 publications

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

STIMULUS CONTROL ACQUIRED BY COMPONENTS OF TWO COLOR‐FORM COMPOUND STIMULI¹

The effect of eye-like schema on shuttling activity of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus): Context-dependent threatening aspects of the eyespot patterns

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Additivity of cues in visual pattern discriminations by monkeys.

Cited by 77 publications

References 12 publications

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

Sample duration and type of stimuli in delayed matching-to-sample in rhesus monkeys

STIMULUS CONTROL ACQUIRED BY COMPONENTS OF TWO COLOR‐FORM COMPOUND STIMULI1

The effect of eye-like schema on shuttling activity of wild house mice (Mus musculus domesticus): Context-dependent threatening aspects of the eyespot patterns

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STIMULUS CONTROL ACQUIRED BY COMPONENTS OF TWO COLOR‐FORM COMPOUND STIMULI¹