“…It is therefore of central importance that this correction is reliable and is indeed diet-independent and inevitable. Previous studies that have reported basal ileal endogenous flow include Siriwan et al., 1993 , Ravindran et al., 2004 , Adedokun et al., 2007 , Golian et al., 2008 , Soleimani et al., 2010 , Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b , and Cowieson et al. (2019) , and these agree well with values presented herein.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Nevertheless, the basal flow of EAA noted in the present work is in line with values reported previously, and this sets context for interpretation of the reported treatment responses. Figure 4 Correlation between the basal flow of endogenous amino acids from birds fed a N-free diet in the present experiment (x axis) and the same based on a literature review ( Siriwan et al., 1993 , Ravindran et al., 2004 , Adedokun et al., 2007 , Golian et al., 2008 , Soleimani et al., 2010 , Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b , Cowieson et al., 2019 ). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…The mean AID of AA in corn (77.0%), SBM (84.6%), and the mixture (88.2%) are broadly in agreement with previous studies. For example, Cowieson et al. (2019) noted AID of AA in corn, SBM, or a 65/35 mixture of corn and SBM of 72.3, 78.1, and 78.9%, respectively, and Kong and Adeola (2013a) noted values of 79.4, 81.4, and 84.0%, respectively, for the same ingredients.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Instructively, Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b noted that the apparent ileal digestibility ( AID ) of AA in corn and soybean meal ( SBM ) was undervalued by around 1 to 2% when individually assessed compared with their contribution in a corn/SBM mixture but that this discrepancy was rectified when standardized ileal digestibility ( SID ) values were used. More recently, Cowieson et al. (2019) observed that the AID of AA in corn and SBM were undervalued by around 7% compared with a mixture of corn and SBM (65% corn and 35% SBM) but that this was also resolved by assessment of SID values for AA.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In short, it is possible that formulating diets with enzymes would be more accurate if a standardized system for feed enzymes could be developed that would take into account the overlap in mechanism between exogenous and endogenous nutrient flows. It was therefore the purpose of this experiment to expand previous work ( Cowieson et al., 2019 ) which explored additivity of AID or SID AA values in corn, SBM, or a mixture of corn and SBM in growing broiler chickens to include effects of exogenous phytase and protease. It was hypothesized that the effect of phytase and protease on corn and SBM when fed as single ingredients may not be fully additive when these ingredients were fed as a mixed diet.…”
A total of 468 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a digestibility study to determine the additivity of apparent or standardized amino acid (
AA
) digestibility values for corn, soybean meal (
SBM
), or a mixture of corn and SBM that were supplemented, or not, with either phytase, protease, or a combination of phytase and protease. These treatments generated a total of 12 experimental diets that were arranged in a 3 × 4 design. A nitrogen-free diet was also fed to estimate endogenous AA loss. Apparent and standardized AA digestibility values were assessed on day 28 posthatch. The apparent digestibility of AA in the complete diet was higher (
P
< 0.05) than expected based on the digestibility of the corn and SBM individually. However, this overestimation was corrected by the adjustment to standardized values. Importantly, addition of protease or the combination of protease and phytase increased (
P
< 0.05) the digestibility of AA in corn and SBM. Furthermore, these effects were arithmetically coherent with respect to the measured effects of the enzymes in the mixture of corn and SBM, even improving the additivity of AA digestibility values when assessed on an apparent basis. This study demonstrates that the effect of exogenous protease and phytase on AA digestibility in complete diets is predictable based on measurements made in individual ingredients. In addition to improving digestibility values
per se
, exogenous protease and phytase may enhance precision in least cost formulation systems.
“…It is therefore of central importance that this correction is reliable and is indeed diet-independent and inevitable. Previous studies that have reported basal ileal endogenous flow include Siriwan et al., 1993 , Ravindran et al., 2004 , Adedokun et al., 2007 , Golian et al., 2008 , Soleimani et al., 2010 , Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b , and Cowieson et al. (2019) , and these agree well with values presented herein.…”
Section: Discussionsupporting
confidence: 92%
“…Nevertheless, the basal flow of EAA noted in the present work is in line with values reported previously, and this sets context for interpretation of the reported treatment responses. Figure 4 Correlation between the basal flow of endogenous amino acids from birds fed a N-free diet in the present experiment (x axis) and the same based on a literature review ( Siriwan et al., 1993 , Ravindran et al., 2004 , Adedokun et al., 2007 , Golian et al., 2008 , Soleimani et al., 2010 , Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b , Cowieson et al., 2019 ). …”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 93%
“…The mean AID of AA in corn (77.0%), SBM (84.6%), and the mixture (88.2%) are broadly in agreement with previous studies. For example, Cowieson et al. (2019) noted AID of AA in corn, SBM, or a 65/35 mixture of corn and SBM of 72.3, 78.1, and 78.9%, respectively, and Kong and Adeola (2013a) noted values of 79.4, 81.4, and 84.0%, respectively, for the same ingredients.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Instructively, Kong and Adeola, 2013a , Kong and Adeola, 2013b noted that the apparent ileal digestibility ( AID ) of AA in corn and soybean meal ( SBM ) was undervalued by around 1 to 2% when individually assessed compared with their contribution in a corn/SBM mixture but that this discrepancy was rectified when standardized ileal digestibility ( SID ) values were used. More recently, Cowieson et al. (2019) observed that the AID of AA in corn and SBM were undervalued by around 7% compared with a mixture of corn and SBM (65% corn and 35% SBM) but that this was also resolved by assessment of SID values for AA.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In short, it is possible that formulating diets with enzymes would be more accurate if a standardized system for feed enzymes could be developed that would take into account the overlap in mechanism between exogenous and endogenous nutrient flows. It was therefore the purpose of this experiment to expand previous work ( Cowieson et al., 2019 ) which explored additivity of AID or SID AA values in corn, SBM, or a mixture of corn and SBM in growing broiler chickens to include effects of exogenous phytase and protease. It was hypothesized that the effect of phytase and protease on corn and SBM when fed as single ingredients may not be fully additive when these ingredients were fed as a mixed diet.…”
A total of 468 male Ross 308 broilers were used in a digestibility study to determine the additivity of apparent or standardized amino acid (
AA
) digestibility values for corn, soybean meal (
SBM
), or a mixture of corn and SBM that were supplemented, or not, with either phytase, protease, or a combination of phytase and protease. These treatments generated a total of 12 experimental diets that were arranged in a 3 × 4 design. A nitrogen-free diet was also fed to estimate endogenous AA loss. Apparent and standardized AA digestibility values were assessed on day 28 posthatch. The apparent digestibility of AA in the complete diet was higher (
P
< 0.05) than expected based on the digestibility of the corn and SBM individually. However, this overestimation was corrected by the adjustment to standardized values. Importantly, addition of protease or the combination of protease and phytase increased (
P
< 0.05) the digestibility of AA in corn and SBM. Furthermore, these effects were arithmetically coherent with respect to the measured effects of the enzymes in the mixture of corn and SBM, even improving the additivity of AA digestibility values when assessed on an apparent basis. This study demonstrates that the effect of exogenous protease and phytase on AA digestibility in complete diets is predictable based on measurements made in individual ingredients. In addition to improving digestibility values
per se
, exogenous protease and phytase may enhance precision in least cost formulation systems.
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