Additively manufactured lattice structures with controlled transverse isotropy for orthopedic porous implants

3D-printing of porous structures for reproduction of a femoral bone

“…[8][9][10] 3D printing of porous structure offers an attractive means to improve the fabrication of bone models and facilitate their understanding for both academic studies and surgical planning. [11][12][13] Here we present the process of 3D-printed porous structure of a femoral bone composed of different infill densities. Among the print parameters of the slicing software, it is possible to change the infill parameters and obtain a 3D print with differentiated densities, effectively replicating the appearance of a bone tissue: a compact and very dense outer part, a trabecular and less dense inner part, and the hollow marrow in the centre.…”

Orthopedic Scaffolds: Evaluation of Structural Strength and Permeability of Fluid Flow via an Open Cell Neovius Structure for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…13,15 In addition to reducing stress shielding, porous metallic lattices mend major bone deformities to restore cementless joint replacements. 18 Thus, extremely permeable bone tissue engineering scaffolds stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation while also permitting oxygen, nutrient, and metabolic waste transport and mechanical support. 3,9 Moreover, decreasing the geometrical porosity not only improves mechanical strength but also decreases permeability, resulting in unequal transport of nutrients and metabolic products.…”

“…Porous metal lattices allow the implant’s apparent modulus to be closer to that of the human bone while preserving mechanical competence. , Porous lattice-interconnected framework allows bone tissue to penetrate deep into the implant to form a robust bone-implant interaction. , In addition to reducing stress shielding, porous metallic lattices mend major bone deformities to restore cementless joint replacements . Thus, extremely permeable bone tissue engineering scaffolds stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation while also permitting oxygen, nutrient, and metabolic waste transport and mechanical support. , Moreover, decreasing the geometrical porosity not only improves mechanical strength but also decreases permeability, resulting in unequal transport of nutrients and metabolic products. , Therefore, complex lattices need to be developed to maintain the balance between the required porosity and mechanical strength.…”

“…Such complex porous lattices can be manufactured via 3D additive manufacturing that can effectively control the size, shape, distribution, and interconnectivity of pores and struts. , Lattice structures are widely categorized into two types: strut- and surface-based structures. Among surface-based lattices, the triply periodic minimal surface (TPMS) lattice has zero-mean curvature at each local location on the surface. , Given their potential for application as interior structures of additively made bone implants, TPMS scaffolds have gained a lot of attention in the past decade. , AM has expanded the design freedom, porosity control, and precision of these structures, overcoming numerous limits encountered during the fabrication of conventional lattice structures. , The implicit nature of TPMS-based implants allowed for exactly controlled surface curvatures through geometric alteration, superior mechanical properties, longer fatigue life, and a closer likeness to bone internal structures. , As a result, various physical factors, including surface-to-volume ratio, pore size, elastic properties, and fluid behaviors, become adjustable. , Furthermore, TPMS architectures enabled the development of bone implants that were both mechanically and physiologically optimal. TPMS structures have demonstrated better performance than strut-based structures. , Melchels et al compared cell seedability between the gyroid lattice and scaffolds with random pore topologies via an in vitro investigation.…”

“…20,21 AM has expanded the design freedom, porosity control, and precision of these structures, overcoming numerous limits encountered during the fabrication of conventional lattice structures. 18,22 The implicit nature of TPMS-based implants allowed for exactly controlled surface curvatures through geometric alteration, superior mechanical properties, longer fatigue life, and a closer likeness to bone internal structures. 17,23 As a result, various physical factors, including surface-to-volume ratio, pore size, elastic properties, and fluid behaviors, become adjustable.…”