Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V components by shaped metal deposition: Microstructure and mechanical properties

Baufeld, Bernd; Biest, Omer Van der; Gault, Rosemary

doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2009.11.032

Cited by 502 publications

(256 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…This tendency agreed with the observed lamella width discrepancy in deposited walls in Paper B. Although good fatigue properties were obtained, potential source of failure made during the deposition process are highlighted; pores and other apparent defects (Åkerfeldt et al 2011) and prior-grain boundaries orientations (Baufeld et al 2010) would locally lower the resistance to fatigue of the samples.…”

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectssupporting

confidence: 78%

“…Orientation dependency of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and ductility has been noticed when testing deposited wall structures; higher strength in the vertical direction corresponds to the prior-grains growing direction. Scattered hardness measurements with no direct relation to the position in the walls are suggesting a slight variation of the mechanical strength within the entire samples' structures (Baufeld et al 2010;Åkerfeldt et al 2011). This tendency agreed with the observed lamella width discrepancy in deposited walls in Paper B.…”

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectssupporting

confidence: 71%

“…Induced residual stresses and distortions (see also Section 2.3.2), inevitable consequences of the welding or metal deposition processing, might also result in local cracking of the part. More specific to layer-by-layer wire deposition processes, mechanical properties that are comparable with cast or even wrought material have been measured (Baufeld et al 2010;Baufeld et al 2011;Brandl et al 2011b;Åkerfeldt et al 2011). Orientation dependency of the Ultimate Tensile Strength (UTS) and ductility has been noticed when testing deposited wall structures; higher strength in the vertical direction corresponds to the prior-grains growing direction.…”

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

Murgau

Pederson

Lindgren

2012

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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This thesis is devoted to microstructure modelling of Ti-6Al-4V. The microstructure and the mechanical properties of titanium alloys are highly dependent on the temperature history experienced by the material. The developed microstructure model accounts for thermal driving forces and is applicable for general temperature histories. It has been applied to study wire feed additive manufacturing processes that induce repetitive heating and cooling cycles. The microstructure model adopts internal state variables to represent the microstructure through microstructure constituents' fractions in finite element simulation. This makes it possible to apply the model efficiently for large computational models of general thermomechanical processes. The model is calibrated and validated versus literature data. It is applied to Gas Tungsten Arc Welding -also known as Tungsten Inert Gas welding-wire feed additive manufacturing process. Four quantities are calculated in the model: the volume fraction of phase, consisting of Widmanstätten , grain boundary , and martensite . The phase transformations during cooling are modelled based on diffusional theory described by a Johnson-Mehl-AvramiKolmogorov formulation, except for diffusionless martensite formation where the Koistinen-Marburger equation is used. A parabolic growth rate equation is used for the to transformation upon heating. An added variable, structure size indicator of Widmanstätten , has also been implemented and calibrated. It is written in a simple Arrhenius format. The microstructure model is applied to in finite element simulation of wire feed additive manufacturing. Finally, coupling with a physically based constitutive model enables a comprehensive and predictive model of the properties that evolve during processing.

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Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectssupporting

confidence: 78%

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectssupporting

confidence: 71%

Section: Welding and Metal Deposition Effectsmentioning

confidence: 96%

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A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

Murgau

Pederson

Lindgren

2012

Modelling Simul. Mater. Sci. Eng.

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“…Both specimens featured coarse columnar grains with 100 μm width along the building direction. This is a phenomenon unique to 3D printed materials, and it is known to be caused by heat release in a single direction [7]. Macroscopic differences of the microstructures are that there were significantly less disk-type defects in the heat-treated specimen than in the as-fabricated specimen, and dark bands, which are expected to be laser track lines, also disappeared in the heat-treated specimen.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Ti-6Al-4V Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Process

Lee¹,

Kim²,

Yu³

et al. 2017

Archives of Metallurgy and Materials

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This study manufactured Ti-6Al-4V alloy using one of the powder bed fusion 3D-printing processes, selective laser melting, and investigated the effect of heat treatment (650°C/3hrs) on microstructure and impact toughness of the material. Initial microstructural observation identified prior-β grain along the building direction before and after heat treatment. In addition, the material formed a fully martensite structure before heat treatment, and after heat treatment, α and β phase were formed simultaneously. Charpy impact tests were conducted. The average impact energy measured as 6.0 J before heat treatment, and after heat treatment, the average impact energy increased by approximately 20% to 7.3 J. Fracture surface observation after the impact test showed that both alloys had brittle characteristics on macro levels, but showed ductile fracture characteristics and dimples at micro levels.

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“…Additive manufacturing is a relative novel idea to fabricate complex, net-shaped metal components in successive layers 1 . Direct laser deposition is one of the additive manufacturing techniques for metals which are currently under investigation 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Microstructure of Direct Laser Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy

et al. 2015

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Additive manufacturing of Ti–6Al–4V components by shaped metal deposition: Microstructure and mechanical properties

Cited by 502 publications

References 14 publications

A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

A model for Ti–6Al–4V microstructure evolution for arbitrary temperature changes

Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Impact Toughness of Ti-6Al-4V Manufactured by Selective Laser Melting Process

Investigation on the Microstructure of Direct Laser Additive Manufactured Ti6Al4V Alloy

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