Additive Manufacturing of Plastics Used for Protection against COVID19—The Influence of Chemical Disinfection by Alcohol on the Properties of ABS and PETG Polymers

Grzelak, Krzysztof; Łaszcz, Julia; Polkowski, Jakub; Mastalski, Piotr; Kluczyński, Janusz; Łuszczek, Jakub; Torzewski, Janusz; Szachogłuchowicz, Ireneusz; Szymaniuk, Rafał

doi:10.3390/ma14174823

Cited by 16 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Catalin Gheorghe Amza [ 64 ] analyzed the effect of ultraviolet radiation on test specimen aging. Krzysztof Grzelak et al [ 74 ] discussed the effect of chemical disinfection using alcohol, and in [ 75 ], Olivier Oth et al described the low-temperature sterilization methods using hydrogen peroxide.…”

Section: Effect Of Multiple Aging and Sterilization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Krzysztof Grzelak et al analyzed the effects of another sterilization method—alcohol disinfection—on the print properties [ 74 ]. The tests included three materials, i.e., PETG filament with color pigment and without additives and ABS for medical purposes, which is a dedicated material for medical applications.…”

Section: Effect Of Multiple Aging and Sterilization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Non-modified PETG (without additives) is at risk of a decrease in tensile strength by 20%, and the addition of a dye slightly increases the chemical resistance of the material [ 74 ].…”

Section: Effect Of Multiple Aging and Sterilization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

et al. 2022

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The development of additive manufacturing methods known as “3D printing” started in the 1980s. In these methods, spatial models are created from a semi-finished product such as a powder, filament or liquid. The model is most often created in layers, which are created from the semi-finished product, which is most often subjected to thermal treatment or using light or ultraviolet rays. The technology of additive manufacturing has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to the traditionally used methods of processing thermoplastic materials, such as, for example, injection or extrusion. The most important advantages are low cost, flexibility and speed of manufacturing of elements with different spatial shapes. From the point of view of the user of the product, the most important disadvantages are the lower mechanical properties and lower resistance to environmental factors that occur during the use of the manufactured products. The purpose of this review is to present current information and a compilation of features in the field of research on the effects of the interactions of different types of environments on the mechanical properties of 3D-manufactured thermoplastic products. Changes in the structure and mechanical properties of the material under the influence of factors such as humidity, salt, temperature, UV rays, gasoline and the environment of the human body are presented. The presented article enables the effects of environmental conditions on common materials used in 3D printing technology to be collated in one place.

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Section: Effect Of Multiple Aging and Sterilization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Multiple Aging and Sterilization Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

et al. 2022

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“…Common sterilization methods of medical equipment include steaming (autoclaving), dry heat treating, ultrasonic sterilization, or exposure to agents, such as hydrogen peroxide or ethylene oxide [21][22][23][24][25]. Work by Grzelak et al, on the effects of alcohol disinfection on ABS and PETG parts showed that PETG parts can lose 20% of their tensile strength after exposure to sterilizing alcohol [26]. In a study by Popescu et al [27], repeated hydrogen peroxide vapor and low temperature gas plasma sterilization were studied, as autoclaving the 3D printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene parts deforms the material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aging of 3D Printed Polymers under Sterilizing UV-C Radiation

et al. 2021

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In the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, shortwave ultraviolet radiation with wavelengths between 200 nm and 280 nm (UV-C) is seeing increased usage in the sterilization of medical equipment, appliances, and spaces due to its antimicrobial effect. During the first weeks of the pandemic, healthcare facilities experienced a shortage of personal protective equipment. This led to hospital technicians, private companies, and even members of the public to resort to 3D printing in order to produce fast, on-demand resources. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-C on mechanical properties of parts 3D printed by material extrusion (MEX) from common polymers, such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate-glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a 24-h UV-C exposure aging cycle and were then tested versus a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both tensile and compressive strength were determined, as well as changes in material creep properties. Prolonged UV-C exposure reduced the mechanical properties of PLA by 6–8% and of PETG by over 30%. These findings are of practical importance for those interested in producing functional MEX parts intended to be sterilized using UV-C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed in order to assess any changes in material structure.

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“…Other than atmospheric effects, chemical effects have also been analyzed. For example, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, Grzelak et al analyzed the effects of alcohol disinfection on ABS and PETG parts meant for use in a medical setting and concluded that PETG parts can lose up to 20% of their tensile properties after repeated sterilization [ 36 ]. Moreno Nieto et al investigated the design of parts made from PLA and PETG for water environments and found that PLA degrades significantly more than PETG due to its organic nature [ 37 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-Printing Polymers

et al. 2021

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In outdoor environments, the action of the Sun through its ultraviolet radiation has a degrading effect on most materials, with polymers being among those affected. In the past few years, 3D printing has seen an increased usage in fabricating parts for functional applications, including parts destined for outdoor use. This paper analyzes the effect of accelerated aging through prolonged exposure to UV-B on the mechanical properties of parts 3D printed from the commonly used polymers polylactic acid (PLA) and polyethylene terephthalate–glycol (PETG). Samples 3D printed from these materials went through a dry 24 h UV-B exposure aging treatment and were then tested against a control group for changes in mechanical properties. Both the tensile and compressive strengths were determined, as well as changes in material creep characteristics. After irradiation, PLA and PETG parts saw significant decreases in both tensile strength (PLA: −5.3%; PETG: −36%) and compression strength (PLA: −6.3%; PETG: −38.3%). Part stiffness did not change significantly following the UV-B exposure and creep behavior was closely connected to the decrease in mechanical properties. A scanning electron microscopy (SEM) fractographic analysis was carried out to better understand the failure mechanism and material structural changes in tensile loaded, accelerated aged parts.

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Additive Manufacturing of Plastics Used for Protection against COVID19—The Influence of Chemical Disinfection by Alcohol on the Properties of ABS and PETG Polymers

Cited by 16 publications

References 31 publications

Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

Resistance of 3D-Printed Components, Test Specimens and Products to Work under Environmental Conditions—Review

Aging of 3D Printed Polymers under Sterilizing UV-C Radiation

Accelerated Aging Effect on Mechanical Properties of Common 3D-Printing Polymers

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