Additive Manufacturing of PLA and CF/PLA Binding Layer Specimens via Fused Deposition Modeling

Li, Yuhang; Gao, Shiyou; Dong, Rongsheng; Ding, Xin; Duan, Xiaoxi

doi:10.1007/s11665-017-3065-0

Cited by 53 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…[8] FFF is the most widely used AM technique due to its ease of use, fast fabrication, cost effectiveness, and ability to produce complex geometries without involving postmachining. [11] A variety of polymers and their composites can be processed by FFF, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, [12] polylactic acid, [13] polyamides, [14] polypropylene, [15] and polycarbonate. [16,17] AM of high-temperature structural (modulus in excess of 1 GPa) thermoplastics, such as PEEK, has received enormous attention because of their wide applicability in many areas, including aerospace, energy, and orthopedics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additively Manufactured Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with Carbon Nanostructure Reinforcement for Biomedical Structural Applications

et al. 2020

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This study is focused on carbon nanostructures (CNS), including both carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), reinforcement of medical‐grade polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and in vitro bioactivity for biomedical structural applications. CNS/PEEK scaffolds and bulk specimens, realized via fused filament fabrication (FFF) additive manufacturing, are assessed primarily in the low‐strain linear‐elastic regime. 3D printed PEEK nanocomposites are found to have enhanced mechanical properties in all cases while maintaining the desired degree of crystallinity in the range of 30–33%. A synergetic effect of the CNS and sulfonation toward bioactivity is observed—apatite growth in simulated body fluid increases by 57% and 77%, for CNT and GNP reinforcement, respectively, doubling the effect of sulfonation and exhibiting a fully‐grown mushroom‐like apatite morphology. Further, CNT‐ and GNP‐reinforced sulfonated PEEK recovers much of the mechanical losses in modulus and strength due to sulfonation, in one case (GNP reinforcement) increasing the yield and ultimate strengths beyond the (non‐sulfonated) printed PEEK. Additive manufacturing of PEEK with CNS reinforcement demonstrated here opens up many design opportunities for structural and biomedical applications, including personalized bioactivated surfaces for bone scaffolds, with further potential arising from the electrically conductive nanoengineered PEEK material toward smart and multifunctional structures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Additively Manufactured Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with Carbon Nanostructure Reinforcement for Biomedical Structural Applications

et al. 2020

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“…Through this process, the specimen will be deposited layer-by-layer until the part is completed. The detailed dimensions for the tensile and three-point flexural tests were taken from ASTM D638-10 and ASTM D790-10, respectively [12]. Then, according to the reference [20,21,[34][35][36], a continuous mode fiber laser with optimized parameters (SPI red ENERGY G4, wavelength 1070 nm, power 5 W, scanning speed 1200 mm/s, overlapping ratio 35%, defocus amount 35 mm and spot size 100 µm) was utilized to polish the specimens.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Wen

Wu³

2021

Materials

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Recent innovations in 3D printing technologies and processes have influenced how landscape products are designed, built, and developed. In landscape architecture, reduced-size models are 3D-printed to replicate full-size structures. However, high surface roughness usually occurs on the surfaces of such 3D-printed components, which requires additional post-treatment. In this work, we develop a new type of landscape design structure based on the fused deposition modeling (FDM) technique and present a laser polishing method for FDM-fabricated polylactic acid (PLA) mechanical components, whereby the surface roughness of the laser-polished surfaces is reduced from over Ra 15 µm to less than 0.25 µm. The detailed results of thermodynamics and microstructure evolution are further analyzed during laser polishing. The stability and accuracy of the results are evaluated based on the standard deviation. Additionally, the superior tensile and flexural properties are examined in the laser-polished layer, in which the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) is increased by up to 46.6% and the flexural strength is increased by up to 74.5% compared with the as-fabricated components. Finally, a real polished landscape model is simulated and optimized using a series of scales.

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“…These studies were mostly conducted on ABS, PLA-based composites and a few with the highperformance polymers like PEEK, PEI, Ultem, TPU, etc. Carbon fiber, 8,61,62,113,[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] vapor grown carbon fiber, 110,137 jute, 138 glass fiber, 61,139 , kenaf bast fiber, 130 Hemp, 140 etc. were used as the reinforcing agents.…”

Section: Discontinuous Frcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, for the GnP reinforcement by the same authors, 122 the strength showed a Figure 13. Tensile properties of FFF-printed discontinuous fiber reinforced polymer, summarized from 8,61,62,110,113,[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140] where the load was applied along the bead-printing direction.…”

Section: Discontinuous Frcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review on process model, structure-property relationship of composites and future needs in fused filament fabrication

Papon

Haque

2020

Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites

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This paper presents the state-of-the-art of additive manufacturing of composites for processing functional, load-bearing components. A general overview of different additive manufacturing methods is provided, and specific attention is focused on fused filament fabrication-based composites processing. Different process modeling strategies are summarized, and key aspects of these models are discussed. Significant results such as thermal and fluid flow characteristics, effects of nozzle geometry on melt flow, fiber orientation, bead spreading, and solidification, the formation of residual stresses, and deformation behavior are discussed from computational modeling perspective. The scientific advancement, model limitations, and future modeling needs are prescribed reviewing the current works. A general overview of material development in nano-micro-macro-scale reinforcement is also presented. Different length-scales of reinforcement has its own challenges and promises. The continuous fiber reinforcement has a great potential for being the next-generation composites manufacturing technology. However, the challenges in reducing the void content, better bonding between the fiber–matrix, and layer-layer adhesion, and process uncertainty are some of the key areas yet to advance. Based on the current limitations on computational modeling, materials development, and process modeling studies, future research needs and recommendations are provided.

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Additive Manufacturing of PLA and CF/PLA Binding Layer Specimens via Fused Deposition Modeling

Cited by 53 publications

References 26 publications

Additively Manufactured Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with Carbon Nanostructure Reinforcement for Biomedical Structural Applications

Additively Manufactured Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) with Carbon Nanostructure Reinforcement for Biomedical Structural Applications

Mechanical Characterization and Thermodynamic Analysis of Laser-Polished Landscape Design Products Using 3D Printing

Review on process model, structure-property relationship of composites and future needs in fused filament fabrication

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