Additive manufacturing of gamma titanium aluminide alloys: a review

Emiralioğlu, Anıl; Ünal, Rahmi

doi:10.1007/s10853-022-06896-4

Cited by 37 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…Additive manufacturing, a method of layer-by-layer accumulation, has vast potential in the realm of precision production. Wire-Arc additive manufacturing (WAAM), compared with using electron beam or laser sources, has low equipment investment, low material cost and high manufacturing e ciency, making it a trend to be applied into γ-TiAl alloy manufacturing [3,4,5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of droplet transfer mode on composition homogeneity of twin-wire plasma arc additively manufactured titanium aluminide

Xin

Chen

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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Twin-wire plasma arc additive manufacturing (TW-PAAM) is an innovative process for titanium aluminide manufacture which is low in equipment cost and high in e ciency. However, as an in-situ alloying process, the composition homogeneity is typically a source of concern. The present work investigates this subject by observing the element input mode at various welding wire positions with a high-speed camera system and particle tracking method. It is found that when the welding wires are in a high position, the droplet enters the molten pool from the tip of the titanium wire, and the alloy element input interval is long, resulting in the formation of bands with high aluminium content at the edge of the deposition layer. When the welding wires are close to the workpiece surface, the droplet transfer mode switches to a mixture of dual wire-bridge transfer and Ti wire-bridge transfer. The diameter and transfer interval of the droplets decrease, as well as the heterogeneity of the deposition layer. The conclusion establishes a correlation between droplet transfer mode and composition homogeneity, which is bene cial for optimizing the TW-PAAM titanium aluminide fabrication process.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of droplet transfer mode on composition homogeneity of twin-wire plasma arc additively manufactured titanium aluminide

Xin

Chen

et al. 2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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“…As a result, these outcomes are hardly amenable to systematization and classification. Moreover, the complexity of technologies tends increase in order to meet the main challenges of additive manufacturing: porosity due to powder materials use [ 74 ], residual stresses due to significant heating and cooling rates [ 75 ], the requirements for surface roughness [ 76 ] and tailoring the operational properties for different applications (namely bearing [ 77 ], magnetic [ 78 ], biomedical [ 79 , 80 ], refractory [ 19 ], etc.). At present, there are about 30 different metal additive manufacturing (MAM) processes.…”

Section: Classification Of the Mam Processes Used For Ti 2 ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Innovative results on the AM of titanium alloys have already been achieved for titanium alloys with special functional properties, e.g., biomedical applications [ 15 ] and shape memory alloys [ 16 , 17 ]. The first results of additive manufacturing of refractory TiAl-based alloys are discussed in reviews [ 18 , 19 ]. However, there are still no comprehensive reviews on the AM of O-phase-based Ti alloys, including an analysis of the materials used, process and machines/equipment characteristics, structure formed during processing, phase composition and properties.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review—Additive Manufacturing of Intermetallic Alloys Based on Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminide Ti2AlNb

et al. 2023

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Titanium alloys based on orthorhombic titanium aluminide Ti2AlNb are promising refractory materials for aircraft engine parts in the operating temperature range from 600–700 °C. Parts made of Ti2AlNb-based alloys by traditional technologies, such as casting and metal forming, have not yet found wide application due to the sensitivity of processability and mechanical properties in chemical composition and microstructure compared with commercial solid-solution-based titanium alloys. In the last three decades, metal additive manufacturing (MAM) has attracted the attention of scientists and engineers for the production of intermetallic alloys based on Ti2AlNb. This review summarizes the recent achievements in the production of O-phase-based Ti alloys using MAM, including the analysis of the feedstock materials, technological processes, machines, microstructure, phase composition and mechanical properties. Powder bed fusion (PBF) and direct energy deposition (DED) are the most widely employed MAM processes to produce O-phase alloys. MAM provides fully dense, fine-grained material with a superior combination of mechanical properties at room temperature. Further research on MAM for the production of critical parts made of Ti2AlNb-based alloys can be focused on a detailed study of the influence of post-processing and chemical composition on the formation of the structure and mechanical properties, including cyclic loading, fracture toughness, and creep resistance.

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“…Nevertheless, fabrication of Ti–Al-based materials can sometimes be challenging. Ti–Al intermetallics such as TiAl and TiAl 3 are brittle at room temperature, making them difficult to produce by conventional methods such as machining or shaping. , The production of Ti–Al-based materials is often achieved through various methods such as powder metallurgy for alloys, rolling followed by heat treatment or hot pressing for laminated structures, , and additive manufacturing . One of the key characteristics that these methods have in common is the use of elevated temperatures at specific stages.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…1,4 The production of Ti−Al-based materials is often achieved through various methods such as powder metallurgy for alloys, 1 rolling followed by heat treatment or hot pressing for laminated structures, 2,3 and additive manufacturing. 1 One of the key characteristics that these methods have in common is the use of elevated temperatures at specific stages. Notably, higher temperatures allow for increased diffusion of atoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

Li,

Tian,

Moridi

et al. 2023

ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces

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Due to their remarkable mechanical and chemical properties, Ti–Al-based materials are attracting considerable interest in numerous fields of engineering, such as automotive, aerospace, and defense. With their low density, high strength, and resistance to corrosion and oxidation, these intermetallic alloys and metal-compound composites have found diverse applications. However, additive manufacturing and heat treatment of Ti–Al alloys frequently lead to brittleness and severe formation of defects. The present study delves into the interfacial dynamics of these Ti–Al systems, particularly focusing on the behavior of Ti and Al atoms in the presence of TiAl3 grain boundaries under experimental heat treatment conditions. Using a combination of molecular dynamics and Markov state modeling, we scrutinize the kinetic processes involved in the formation of TiAl3. The molecular dynamics simulation indicates that at the early stage of heat treatment, the predominating process is the diffusion of Al atoms toward the Ti surface through the TiAl3 grain boundaries. Markov state modeling identifies three distinct dynamic states of Al atoms within the Ti/Al mixture that forms during the process, each exhibiting a unique spatial distribution. Using transition time scales as a qualitative measure of the rapidness of the dynamics, it is observed that the Al dynamics is significantly less rapid near the Ti surface compared to the Al surface. Put together, the results offer a comprehensive understanding of the interfacial dynamics and reveal a three-stage diffusion mechanism. The process initiates with the premelting of Al, proceeds with the prevalent diffusion of Al atoms toward the Ti surface, and eventually ceases as the Ti concentration within the mixture progressively increases. The insights gained from this study could contribute significantly to the control and optimization of manufacturing processes for these high-performing Ti–Al-based materials.

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Additive manufacturing of gamma titanium aluminide alloys: a review

Cited by 37 publications

References 99 publications

Effect of droplet transfer mode on composition homogeneity of twin-wire plasma arc additively manufactured titanium aluminide

Effect of droplet transfer mode on composition homogeneity of twin-wire plasma arc additively manufactured titanium aluminide

A Review—Additive Manufacturing of Intermetallic Alloys Based on Orthorhombic Titanium Aluminide Ti2AlNb

Elucidating Interfacial Dynamics of Ti–Al Systems Using Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Markov State Modeling

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