Additive manufacturing of CNTs/PLA composites and the correlation between microstructure and functional properties

Zhou, Xing; Deng, Jingrui; Fang, Changqing; Lei, Wanqing; Song, Yonghua; Zhang, Zisen; Huang, Zhigang; Li, Yan

doi:10.1016/j.jmst.2020.04.038

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Carbon-based additives—including carbon nanotubes (CNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs)—increase the thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of PLA nanocomposites. Key findings include: Increased CNT content increases degree of crystallinity in PLA/CNT nanocomposites [ 79 ]. Nanocomposites of PLA/1.5% GNP/4.5% MWCNT show no aggregation and are, therefore, viable for FDM 3D printing [ 74 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a related study, increasing the CNT content was found to increase the degree of crystallinity of PLA/CNT nanocomposites, likely due to the small defects on CNT surfaces, which become nucleating sites. The addition of 3 wt % CNTs produced a material with a surface resistivity of 10 5 Ω/m 2 , indicating that these printed materials have resistance similar to the human body [ 79 ]. This resistance proves that the CNTs are well ordered after printing and that these PLA/CNT nanocomposites may be usable as thermal resistance plastics [ 79 ].…”

Section: Carbon-based Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of 3 wt % CNTs produced a material with a surface resistivity of 10 5 Ω/m 2 , indicating that these printed materials have resistance similar to the human body [ 79 ]. This resistance proves that the CNTs are well ordered after printing and that these PLA/CNT nanocomposites may be usable as thermal resistance plastics [ 79 ].…”

Section: Carbon-based Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Bardot

Schülz

2020

Nanomaterials

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3D printing by fused deposition modelling (FDM) enables rapid prototyping and fabrication of parts with complex geometries. Unfortunately, most materials suitable for FDM 3D printing are non-degradable, petroleum-based polymers. The current ecological crisis caused by plastic waste has produced great interest in biodegradable materials for many applications, including 3D printing. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), in particular, has been extensively investigated for FDM applications. However, most biodegradable polymers, including PLA, have insufficient mechanical properties for many applications. One approach to overcoming this challenge is to introduce additives that enhance the mechanical properties of PLA while maintaining FDM 3D printability. This review focuses on PLA-based nanocomposites with cellulose, metal-based nanoparticles, continuous fibers, carbon-based nanoparticles, or other additives. These additives impact both the physical properties and printability of the resulting nanocomposites. We also detail the optimal conditions for using these materials in FDM 3D printing. These approaches demonstrate the promise of developing nanocomposites that are both biodegradable and mechanically robust.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon-based Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Carbon-based Additivesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Bardot

Schülz

2020

Nanomaterials

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“…These are significant arguments supporting the identification of PLA as one of the most commonly used and commercially available thermoplastic vehicles/matrixes in additive manufacturing (AM) of composites and nanocomposites by material extrusion [ 1 , 9 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. Although 3D printed PLA—which is extruded PLA that is deposited layer by layer at specific locations—exhibits a high dimensional accuracy due to its low thermal expansion coefficient, several properties still need to be improved, especially in applications where PLA is intended to be used as a substitution for existing thermoplastics, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polycaprolactone (PCL), and polyamide (nylon).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time

et al. 2021

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The properties of polylactic acid (PLA) filaments have not yet been analysed in detail, and they are strongly affected by the extrusion process used in some additive manufacturing systems. Here we present the mechanical, thermal, physical, and fractographical properties of an extruded filament (not the bulk material or scaffolds), the basic building block of any PLA structure printed via material extrusion. This research aims to create a reference point for the modelisation of additively manufactured structures via extrusion processes, as the main building block is characterised in detail for a deep understanding. Furthermore, we investigated the natural ageing (up to one year), the effect of the printing (extruding) temperature (180 and 190 °C), and the effect of the crosshead speed during the tensile tests (10−1 to 102 mm/min) to provide a deeper analysis of the material. The results showed that the material extruded at 190 °C performed better than the material extruded at 180 °C. However, after one hundred days of natural ageing, both materials behaved similarly. This was related to the flow-induced molecular orientation during the extrusion. The crosshead rate produced a logarithmic increase of the mechanical properties, consistent with the Eyring model. Additionally, the ageing produced significant changes in both the elastic modulus and the yield strength: from 2.4 GPa and 40 MPa, in one-day-aged samples, up to 4 GPa and 62 MPa once entirely aged. Finally, it was observed that the glass transition and the enthalpic relaxation increased with ageing, agreeing with the Kohlraushch–William–Watts model.

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“…They are produced chemically or by extruders and are formed most often by the pressing or 3D printing methods. These composites achieve very good biological and mechanical properties [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ]. However, disadvantageous degradation of such composites was reported in several papers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inverse Nanocomposite Made from Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

et al. 2021

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Polymer nanocomposites have been extensively researched for a variety of applications, including medical osteoregenerative implants. However, no satisfactory solution has yet been found for regeneration of big, and so-called critical, bone losses. The requirement is to create a resorbable material which is characterised by optimum porosity, sufficient strength, and elastic modulus matching that of the bone, thus stimulating tissue regrowth. Inverse nanocomposites, where the ceramic content is larger than the polymer content, are a recent development. Due to their high ceramic content, they may offer the required properties for bone implants, currently not met by polymer nanocomposites with a small number of nanoparticles. This paper presents inverse nanocomposites composed of bioresorbable nano crystalline hydroxyapatite (HAP NPs) and polylactide (PLLA), produced by cryomilling and a warm isostatic pressing method. The following compositions were studied: 25%, 50%, and 75% of HAP NPs by volume. The mechanical properties and structure of these composites were examined. It was discovered that 50% volume content was optimal as far as compressive strength and porosity are concerned. The inverse nanocomposite with 50% nanoceramics volume displayed a compressive strength of 99 ± 4 MPa, a contact angle of 50°, and 25% porosity, which make this material a candidate for further studies as a bioresorbable bone implant.

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Additive manufacturing of CNTs/PLA composites and the correlation between microstructure and functional properties

Cited by 59 publications

References 35 publications

Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Biodegradable Poly(Lactic Acid) Nanocomposites for Fused Deposition Modeling 3D Printing

Characterisation and Modelling of PLA Filaments and Evolution with Time

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Inverse Nanocomposite Made from Polylactide and Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles

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