Additive manufacturing of an elastic poly(ester)urethane for cartilage tissue engineering

Abstract

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Novel three‐dimensional printing of poly(ester urethane) scaffolds for biomedical applications

“…Recently, SPU have been explored for FDM processing for biomedical applications. However, most of them were biostable SPU intended for medical devices, 39‐41 and only a few focused in tissue engineering applications 17,20,42‐45 . Among the latter, a segmented poly(ester urethane) (SPEU) with high HS content (77% wt/wt), obtained from the reaction of poly(ε‐caprolactone‐co‐ d,l ‐lactide) diol with a uniform 5‐block chain extender synthesized from butane diisocyanate (BDI) and butanediol (BDO), was filament‐free processed into porous scaffolds with mechanical properties matching those of articular cartilage 42 …”

Articular cartilage and osteochondral tissue engineering techniques: Recent advances and challenges

“…As the main cell type resident in articular cartilage and responsible for its structural and functional maintenance, chondrocytes are one of the most widely used cell types in restoring chondral and osteochondral defects. It has been observed that chondrocytes embedded in a wide range of biomaterials could maintain their morphology and phenotype and promote hyaline cartilage formation [ 107 , 117 , 217 , 283 ]. The proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes not only vary in scaffolds with different compositions, but also can be influenced by the architecture of the scaffolds [ 284 , 285 ], including structural form [ 286 ], pore size [ 287 , 288 ], pore geometry [ 289 ], fiber orientation [ 290 ] and fiber dimensionality [ 291 ].…”

Biomaterials for protein delivery for complex tissue healing responses

“…Many native tissues contain gradients, such as cartilage and the osteochondral gradient between cartilage and bone. 134,135 As a result, biomaterial strategies have been developed to create gradients similar to tissues, including layer-bylayer [136][137][138][139] and 3D printing 140 strategies. Although there are three distinct layers in cartilage (superficial, middle, and deep zones), the challenge is to build many layers on top of one another to seamlessly transition from one zone to the next.…”

“…Advancements in additive manufacturing have opened additional possibilities for integrated solutions by enabling the fabrication of biomaterials with complex architectures and spatially-defined properties for controlled protein and peptide presentation. 73,140,160,161 This technique is valuable for mimicking tissues that naturally contain gradients, such as cartilage 162 and osteochondral interfaces, or displaying complex architecture, such as vasculature. 163,164 For example, peptide-polymer conjugates can be 3D-printed to control the spatial presentation of cell-adhesive (RGDS) and non-adhesive (RGES) peptides.…”