Additive manufacturing in cities: Closing circular resource loops

Valera, Elias Hernandez; Cremades, Roger; van Leeuwen, Eveline; van Timmeren, Arjan

doi:10.1016/j.cec.2023.100049

Cited by 7 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 86 publications

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“…(3) Embodied carbon content for concrete: The life cycle assessment (LCA) of the concrete products by using the blended cement was evaluated based on the database provided by the Institute of Civil Engineers (ICE, London, UK; https://circularecology. com/embodied-carbon-footprint-database.html, accessed on 5 November 2023) with the addition of the evaluated captured carbon content by blended cement paste [37] under the scheme of the cradle-to-gate method. The commercial concrete mix design is as given in Table 3, and was set as the precast concrete pavement bricks with a standard unit of 200 × 200 × 50 mm.…”

Section: Evaluation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of CO2 Capture in FA/GGBS-Blended Cement Systems: From Cement Paste to Commercial Products

Liu,

Wu,

et al. 2024

Buildings

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The cement industry’s intricate production process, including kiln heating and fossil fuel use, contributes 5–8% of global CO2 emissions, marking it as a significant carbon emitter in construction. This study focuses on quantifying CO2 capture potential in blended cement systems through the utilisation of phenolphthalein and thermalgravimetric methodologies. Its primary objective is to assess the CO2 absorption capacity of these blended systems’ pastes. Initial evaluation involves calculating the carbon capture capacity within the paste, subsequently extended to estimate CO2 content in the resultant concrete products. The findings indicate that incorporating ground granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS) or an ettringite-based expansive agent did not notably elevate carbonation depth, irrespective of their fineness. Conversely, the introduction of fly ash (FA) notably augmented the carbonation depth, leading to a substantial 36.4% rise in captured CO2 content. The observed distinctions in carbonation behaviour primarily stem from variances in pore structure, attributable to distinct hydration characteristics between GGBS and FA. Thermal analysis confirms the increased stabilisation of CO2 in FA blends, highlighting the crucial influence of material composition on carbonation and emission reduction. Incorporating both GGBS and FA notably diminishes binder emissions, constituting almost half of PC-concrete emissions. Initially, 60% GGBS shows lower emissions than 50% FA, but when considering CO2 capture, this emission dynamic significantly changes, emphasising the intricate influence of additives on emission patterns. This underscores the complexity of evaluating carbonation-induced emissions in cementitious systems.

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Section: Evaluation Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of CO2 Capture in FA/GGBS-Blended Cement Systems: From Cement Paste to Commercial Products

Liu,

Wu,

et al. 2024

Buildings

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“… Conventional Recycling Practices Entailing Waste Collection and Transport to Recycling Point [ 28 ]. …”

Section: Figurementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Santander et al [ 27 ] add to [ 24 , 26 ] and observe that 3D printing contributes to closed-loop supply chains as inventory is reduced, disassembling efforts are minimized, on-demand spare parts are increased, and personalization is further enhanced. Valera et al [ 28 ] further observe that the use of 3D printing supports the reduction of waste while increasing the lifetime of materials, hence contributing to the circular economy by creating customized local solutions in multiple industries. The insights from the comparison of [ 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] indicates that the use of 3D printing polymers helps reuse harmful plastic waste both in personal and industrial uses at a lower cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Valera et al [ 28 ] further observe that the use of 3D printing supports the reduction of waste while increasing the lifetime of materials, hence contributing to the circular economy by creating customized local solutions in multiple industries. The insights from the comparison of [ 24 , 26 , 27 , 28 ] indicates that the use of 3D printing polymers helps reuse harmful plastic waste both in personal and industrial uses at a lower cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar observation is made in the construction industry, where the use of geopolymer-based 3D printed construction materials generated the least global warming potential when compared to structures based on Portland cement [ 30 ]. The inference from [ 28 , 29 ] is that 3D printing processes used in recycling polymers and plastics are beneficial in developing new customized products that enhance design, lower consumption of energy, and minimize the environmental impact of the materials. Peeters, Kiratli, and Semeijn [ 31 ] also add that 3D printing in recycling democratizes manufacturing processes and leads to the recyclability of new products, for example, thermoplastics.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Evaluation of the Viability of 3D Printing in Recycling Polymers

Maraveas,

Kyrtopoulos,

Arvanitis

2024

Polymers

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The increased use of plastics in industrial and agricultural applications has led to high levels of pollution worldwide and is a significant challenge. To address this plastic pollution, conventional methods such as landfills and incineration are used, leading to further challenges such as the generation of greenhouse gas emissions. Therefore, increasing interest has been directed to identifying alternative methods to dispose of plastic waste from agriculture. The novelty of the current research arose from the lack of critical reviews on how 3-Dimensional (3D) printing was adopted for recycling plastics, its application in the production of agricultural plastics, and its specific benefits, disadvantages, and limitations in recycling plastics. The review paper offers novel insights regarding the application of 3D printing methods including Fused Particle Fabrication (FPF), Hot Melt Extrusion (HME), and Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) to make filaments from plastics. However, the methods were adopted in local recycling setups where only small quantities of the raw materials were considered. Data was collected using a systematic review involving 39 studies. Findings showed that the application of the 3D printing methods led to the generation of agricultural plastics such as Polylactic Acid (PLA), Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and High-Density Polyethylene (HDPE), which were found to have properties comparable to those of virgin plastic, suggesting the viability of 3D printing in managing plastic pollution. However, limitations were also associated with the 3D printing methods; 3D-printed plastics deteriorated rapidly under Ultraviolet (UV) light and are non-biodegradable, posing further risks of plastic pollution. However, UV stabilization helps reduce plastic deterioration, thus increasing longevity and reducing disposal. Future directions emphasize identifying methods to reduce the deterioration of 3D-printed agricultural plastics and increasing their longevity in addition to UV stability.

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